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The increased consumption of reduced-fat or non-fat products leads to a reduced intake of fat-soluble bioactive substances, such as fat-soluble vitamins. Due to their natural role as transport systems for hydrophobic substances, casein micelles (CM) might depict a viable system. The structure of CM is characterized by a lipophilic core stabilized by an electric double layer-like structure. Modification allows accessibility of the core and, therefore, the inclusion of fat-soluble bioactive substances. Well-known modifications are pH reduction and use of rennet enzyme. A completely new procedure to modify CM structure is offered by pulsed electrical fields (PEF). The principle behind PEF is called electroporation and affects the electric double layer of CM so that it is interrupted. In this way, lipophilic substances can be incorporated into CM. In this work, we evaluated integration of β-carotene into native CM by an industry-compatible process to overcome disadvantages associated with the use of Na-caseinate and avoid great technical effort, e.g., due to treatment with high hydrostatic pressure. Our research has shown that PEF can be used for disintegration of CM and that significant amounts of β-carotene can be incorporated in CM. Furthermore, after disintegration using PEF, a combination of another PEF and thermal treatment was applied to restructure CM and trap significant amounts of β-carotene, permanently, ending up with an encapsulation efficiency of 78%.
Tierwohl, Grüne Gentechnik, Hofsterben, biologische Vielfalt: Das Agri- und Foodbusiness steht im hohen Maße im Fokus der Öffentlichkeit. In diesem Buch werden Handlungsmöglichkeiten mit Blick auf die kommunikativen Aufgaben der Branche dargestellt – und dies erstmals auf Basis einschlägiger Ansätze aus den Kommunikationswissenschaften und dem PR-Management. Die Autoren liefern einen Überblick über branchenrelevante Themen wie Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation, Storytelling und Krisenkommunikation sowie ihre Einsatz- und Wirkungsweise im Rahmen einer professionellen Öffentlichkeitsarbeit.
In Deutschland werden jährlich ca. 11 Mio. Tonnen Lebensmittel entlang der Wertschöpfungskette entsorgt.
Die Tafeln verteilen ca. 265 000 Tonnen dieser Lebensmittel
und spielen eine bedeutende Rolle in der Reduzierung von
vermeidbaren Lebensmittelabfällen. Ein Teilziel des Projekts LeMiFair ist es, Einblicke in die Arbeit und die Herausforderungen der Tafeln in Niedersachsen zu gewinnen.
Introduction: Patients undergoing revision total hip surgery (RTHS) have a high prevalence of mild and moderate preoperative anemia, associated with adverse outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of perioperative allogeneic blood transfusions (ABT) and postoperative complications in preoperatively mild compared to moderate anemic patients undergoing RTHS who did not receive a diagnostic anemia workup and treatment before surgery. Methods: We included 1,765 patients between 2007 and 2019 at a university hospital. Patients were categorized according to their severity of anemia using the WHO criteria of mild, moderate, and severe anemia in the first Hb level of the case. Patients were grouped as having received no ABT, 1–2 units of ABT, or more than 2 units of ABT. Need for intraoperative ABT was assessed in accordance with institutional standards. Primary endpoint was the compound incidence of postoperative complications. Secondary outcomes included major/minor complications and length of hospital and ICU stay. Results: Of the 1,765 patients, 31.0% were anemic of any cause before surgery. Transfusion rates were 81% in anemic patients and 41.2% in nonanemic patients. The adjusted risks for compound postoperative complication were significantly higher in patients with moderate anemia (OR 4.88, 95% CI: 1.54–13.15, p = 0.003) but not for patients with mild anemia (OR 1.93, 95% CI: 0.85–3.94, p < 0.090). Perioperative ABT was associated with significantly higher risks for complications in nonanemic patients and showed an increased risk for complications in all anemic patients. In RTHS, perioperative ABT as a treatment for moderate preoperative anemia of any cause was associated with a negative compound effect on postoperative complications, compared to anemia or ABT alone. Discussion: ABT is associated with adverse outcomes of patients with moderate preoperative anemia before RTHS. For this reason, medical treatment of moderate preoperative anemia may be considered.
Standard extensive green roofs (EGRs) with their shallow substrate layers represent extreme sites for plant growth and therefore are planted mostly with drought-resistant species, including non-native plant species. As standard EGR substrates often lack potentially mutualistic soil microorganisms, it has been stated that inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) might increase plant performance and drought resistance. Aiming to support native biodiversity on EGRs, we tested whether AMF inoculation into standard green roof substrate can enhance plant performance and drought resistance of regionally occurring native dry grassland species.
The results of a pot experiment with 11 native plant species growing with and without AMF inoculation showed considerable differences in fitness-relevant plant traits. Over 88 days of moderate drought conditions, inoculated plants produced 2.5 times more above-ground biomass than control plants. In addition, the number of inflorescences on inoculated plants was significantly higher in 5 out of 7 flowering species. Under severe drought stress created by stopping the water supply, however, inoculated plants wilted on average 2.38 days earlier than control plants.
Although the underlying mechanisms of the observed results remain unresolved, AMF inoculation might help to enhance an earlier and higher seed set, facilitating the establishment of a soil seed bank, which is necessary for a self-sustaining plant population in drought-governed habitats such as EGRs.
Organic pot-based production of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) often has lower biomass yield than conventional cultivation. Previous investigations indicate that this growth impairment is related to high ammonium (NH4+) concentrations in the growing media released by the mineralization of organic nitrogen (N) fertilizers. However, as a result of this ammonification process substrate pH may also increase. Under neutral to alkaline conditions NH4+ is converted to ammonia (NH3), which is known to be phytotoxic even at low concentrations. Therefore, we investigated the impact of both ammonical N species on basil grown in a peat substrate. In total, three fertilization pot experiments were conducted in a greenhouse in order to compare the effect of different organic base dressings [250 and 750 mg N (L substrate)-1 mainly supplied by a liquid amino acid fertilizer (AAF)] and two initial substrate pH levels (5.5 and 6.5). In two treatments, 5% (v/v) mature compost was mixed into the peat 1 day and 12–days before the substrate was used for sowing, respectively. The aim of this procedure was to stimulate nitrification in this way to reduce ammonical N concentration. Ammonia concentration in the aerial plant surrounding environment was measured by using NH3 detector tubes in combination with an open-top chamber method. The results showed that the growth of basil (number of plants, fresh matter yield, plant height) was significantly inhibited in the second and third week of cultivation by rising NH3 and NH4+ exposure, as well as by a substrate pH ≥ 7.0. These adverse effects were reduced by lowering the organic base dressing rate and adjusting the initial substrate pH to 5.5. Furthermore, the addition of mature compost to peat in combination with a 12-day storage was proven to be effective for promoting nitrification in the organically fertilized substrate. As a result, plant growth was improved by both lower NH3 and NH4+ exposure as well as a faster supply of nitrate (NO3-) as an additional N source. Using this approach, it was possible to feed organically fertilized basil right from the seedling stage with a NO3--N/NH4+-N-balanced and later on providing a predominant NO3--N supply.
Im ökologischen Anbau von Topfbasilikum treten des Öfteren Wachstums- und Qualitätsbeeinträchtigungen auf. Diese machen sich bereits an den Jungpflanzen in Form chlorotischer und nekrotischer Keimblätter bemerkbar. Nachfolgend können Infektionen mit Schwächeparasiten wie Botrytis auftreten. Im Rahmen eines Düngungsversuches sollte geklärt werden, inwieweit diese Probleme im Zusammenhang mit der Anreicherung von Ammonium stehen, welches durch die Mineralisierung organischer Dünger in das Kultursubstrat freigesetzt wird. Versuchsfaktoren waren das Ammonium-N/Nitrat-N-Verhältnis (100/0; 50/50; 0/100) und die Stickstoffkonzentration in der Nährlösung (8, 12 und 16 mmol N/L). Ammonium wurde mittels des Nitrifikationshemmstoffes 3,4-Dimethylpyrazolphosphat (DMPP) stabilisiert. Zusätzlich war in den Versuch eine organische N-Düngevariante einbezogen, die neben einer Grunddüngung mit festen Düngern (Hornspäne und DCM ECO-MIX 4) eine flüssige Nachdüngung (Organic Plant Feed) beinhaltete. Die Kultur der Pflanzen erfolgte in einem Torfsubstrat, das zu Versuchsbeginn auf pH 6,5 eingestellt war.
Mit Nitrat (NO3-) als alleiniger Stickstoffquelle zeigte Basilikum über den gesamten Kulturzeitraum ein vitales Wachstum. Ein reines Ammoniumangebot (NH4+) ging, unabhängig von der N-Stufe, mit einer geringeren Keimrate sowie mit verminderten Pflanzenhöhen- und Frischmassezuwächsen einher. Außerdem waren hier chlorotische Keimblätter und eine verringerte Turgeszenz des Sprosses zu beobachten. In der organischen N-Düngevariante blieb das Pflanzenwachstum zunächst ebenfalls hinter dem mit NO3--Angebot zurück. Des Weiteren waren hier die Schadsymptome an den Keimblättern besonders stark ausgeprägt. Im Zuge der Ammonifikation der organischen N-Dünger kam es in den ersten Versuchswochen zu einer Anreicherung von bis zu 350 mg NH4+-N/L Substrat als alleiniger mineralischer Stickstoffform. Mit fortschreitender Nitrifikation setzte dann ein stimuliertes Pflanzenwachstum ein. Zu Versuchsende wiesen die organisch gedüngten Pflanzen den höchsten NO3--Gehalt im Spross auf. Der kompakteste Wuchs und die höchste Turgeszenz der Pflanzen konnten mit ausgeglichenem NH4+/NO3--Angebot erzielt werden.