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Exzellente Hochschullehre hat viele Aufgaben zu erfüllen. Sie muss den Nachwuchs für wissenschaftliches Denken und Arbeiten gewinnen, einführen in die Methoden und Erkenntnisse einer wissenschaftlichen Disziplin und sich darüber hinaus für den gesellschaftlichen Nutzen der Forschung einsetzen. Dabei steht sie in einem Spannungsfeld zwischen den Ansprüchen der Scientific Community, den Erwartungen der Gesellschaft und den berufsbezogenen Interessen der Studierenden.
Der folgende Beitrag skizziert zehn Thesen rund um dieses Spannungsfeld. Die Darstellung ist getragen von der Überzeugung, dass herausragende Hochschullehre im Wesentlichen diesen Ansprüchen auch genügen kann, wenn man es denn nur richtig anstellt.
Wissenschaftsmanagement
(2018)
Forschungsfrage: Erstmals wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit formale Kriterien der Gestaltung von Bewerbungsunterlagen valide Aussagen im Hinblick auf Persönlichkeitsmerkmale ermöglichen.
Methodik: Die Anschreiben und Lebensläufe von 127 realen Bewerbern/-innen werden hinsichtlich formaler Kriterien analysiert und anschließend der Zusammenhang zu sieben Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen berechnet. Nur vereinzelt fanden sich signifikante Zusammenhänge.
Praktische Implikationen: Es erscheint nicht sinnvoll, die regelkonforme Gestaltung von Bewerbungsunterlagen bei Auswahlentscheidungen zu berücksichtigen.
Seit vielen Jahren spielen Motivations- und Erfolgstrainer in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung dessen, was Erfolg und Zufriedenheit eines Menschen bedingt, eine große Rolle. Nicht wenige, die sich dem Thema allein aus der Perspektive der Ratgeberliteratur oder einschlägiger Medienberichte nähern, werden glauben, dass sich mithilfe der Motivation eines Menschen so ziemlich alles im Leben erreichen lässt. Ob man selbst das notwendige Motivationsniveau erreicht und sich in der Folge alle Wünsche erfüllen kann, scheint dabei allein eine Frage der richtigen „Psychotricks“ zu sein. Im Folgenden werden wir den Fragen nachgehen, welche Thesen selbsternannte Motivationsexperten vertreten, warum sie nicht Recht haben und sich aber dennoch gut vermarkten können. Eine ausführliche Auseinandersetzung mit diesem Thema findet sich bei Kanning (2007).
Das Thema Digitalisierung ist in aller Munde – gerade auch im Bereich Krankenhaus. Allerdings noch nicht zuverlässig und im großen Stile valuiert sind die Fragen: Wie digitalisiert ist die Gesamtheit der deutschen Krankenhäuser tatsächlich? Wie entwickelt sich der Digitalisierungsgrad über die Zeit und im Vergleich zu anderen Nationen? Welchen Maßstab sollte man anlegen? Die Autoren stellen im folgenden Artikel ihren Ansatz für eine bundesweite Erfassung der Krankenhausdigitalisierung vor. Im Ergebnis weisen die betrachteten Krankenhäuser deutliche Optimierungspotenziale auf. Diese reichen von der mobilen Verfügbarkeit elektronischer Patientendaten und IT-Funktionen bis hinzu Fragen der Integration und Interoperabilität der im Einsatz befindlichen Systeme.
Talent scarcity in many parts of the world leads to the necessity to enlarge talent pools in order to provide enough future holders of key positions. Taking the scholarly discussion at the overlap of talent management and current careers literature as a starting point our qualitative empirical research provides insights in talent’s career decisions in an eastern emerging market, India, and a western developed country, Germany. 49 interviews with internationally experienced knowledge-workers were held to find out how to they come to career decisions throughout their career. Special focus was the balancing act of professional and private life sphere. An inductive-deductive approach was used to develop categories in MaxQda. Results show the impact of institutional frame, cultural context, and gender differences. Consequently, a stronger focus on talent’s different life phases with context specific deviations when configuring Talent Management in Multinational Enterprises can be advised.
As health IT supports processes along the entire patient trajectory and involves different types of professional groups, eHealth is inter-professional by nature. The aim of this study, therefore, is to investigate which competencies are at the intersection of the individual groups of health professionals. 718 international experts provided relevance ratings of eHealth competencies for different professional roles in an online survey. Communication and leadership proved to be important competencies across all professions, not only for executives. None or very little differences between professions were found between physicians and nurses, between IT experts at different levels and between IT experts and executives. However, there were a number of competencies rated differently when contrasting direct patient care specialists with executives. These findings should encourage organisations issuing educational recommendations to specify areas of shared competencies more extensively.
Wenn grobe Fehler passieren
(2018)
Seit Einführung der Pflegeversicherung wird intensiv zu Fragen der Qualitätssicherung der Pflege diskutiert und es hat vielfältige gesetzgeberische Aktivitäten gegeben, um Verfahren zu entwickeln, durch die ein Schutz pflegebedürftiger Menschen vor unsachgemäßer Pflege gewährleistet und eine Verbesserung der Pflegequalität erreicht werden kann. Der folgende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über diese Aktivitäten und ihre Hintergründe. Im Fokus stehen dabei insbesondere die durch das Pflege-Weiterentwicklungsgesetz (PflWEG) und die Pflegestärkungsgesetze (PSG I und II) angestoßenen Entwicklungen.
15 Minuten Wirtschaftspsychologie
Seit einigen Jahren gibt es Anbieter auf dem Markt der Eignungsdiagnostik, die behaupten, dass sie aus der Sprache eines Menschen, wie etwa der Verwendung bestimmter Wörter oder der Betonung, valide Persönlichkeitsprofile erstellen können. Die Forschung zeichnet hier ein skeptisches Bild.
15 Minuten Wirtschaftspsychologie
Die Zweifaktorentheorie (auch Zwei-Faktoren-Theorie oder
2-Faktoren-Theorie) zählt zu den klassischen Theorien, mit deren Hilfe die Entstehung von Arbeitszufriedenheit erklärt wird. Die Prominenz der Theorie steht jedoch leider im Widerspruch zu ihrer fehlenden empirischen Bestätigung.
Kolumne Wirtschaftspsychologie
So mancher Mythos geistert durch die Personalabteilungen - gerade wenn es um psychologisches Wissen geht. Professor Uwe P. Kanning klärt in seiner Kolumne über die Fakten auf. Heute: (Kriminal-) Profiler bieten ihre Dienste auch Unternehmen für ihre Personalauswahl an. Lässt sich im Personalwesen wirklich alles verkaufen?
Volkskrankheit Kopfschmerz
(2018)
Verdeckte Stellenanzeigen
(2018)
In den USA gibt es auf Bundesebene keine direktdemokratischen Sachentscheidungen. Auf Gliedstaatenebene sind sie jedoch weit verbreitet. Dies hat große Bedeutung, weil die Gliedstaaten umfangreiche Gesetzgebungskompetenzen besitzen, darunter in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß im Steuer- und Umweltweltrecht, Gesundheits- und Sozialrecht, Straf-, Zivil- und Arbeitsrechts. Auch auf kommunaler Ebene ist direkte Demokratie breit verankert.
Aufgrund veränderter Rahmenbedingungen und Organisationsstrukturen sind die Mitarbeiter im Krankenhaus zunehmend hohen körperlichen und psychischen Belastungen ausgesetzt. Gesunde Mitarbeiter stellen jedoch eine Grundvoraussetzung für die Leistungserstellung im Krankenhaus dar. Mit der Einführung eines Betrieblichen Gesundheitsmanagements wird das Ziel verfolgt, die Gesundheit der Mitarbeiter zu fördern und zu erhalten. Dies kann jedoch nur gelingen in einer Unternehmenskultur, die das Kulturelement der Gesundheit tief in seinem Wertesystem verankert hat. Der folgende Beitrag liefert Grundlagen zur Unternehmenskultur und erläutert die diesbezüglichen Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten des Krankenhausmanagements.
Frequent users of emergency departments (ED) pose a significant challenge to hospital emergency services. Despite a wealth of studies in this field, it is hardly understood, what medical conditions lead to frequent attendance. We examine (1) what ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSC) are linked to frequent use, (2) how frequent users can be clustered into subgroups with respect to their diagnoses, acuity and admittance, and (3) whether frequent use is related to higher acuity or admission rate. We identified several ACSC that highly increase the risk for heavy ED use, extracted four major diagnose subgroups and found no significant effect neither for acuity nor admission rate. Our study indicates that especially patients in need of (nursing) care form subgroups of frequent users, which implies that quality of care services might be crucial for tackling frequent use. Hospitals are advised to regularly analyze their ED data in the EHR to better align resources.
How do companies decide where to locate their manufacturing? This study uses insights from manufacturing company executives collected by means of in-depth interviews with 50 manufacturers in the United Kingdom to develop an understanding of manufacturing location decision making. The findings indicate that companies derive competitive advantage from organizing manufacturing in different ways. Retaining or reshoring manufacturing to a company’s home country can enhance new product development, control of quality, product customization, delivery performance, and cost leadership. On the other hand, companies can enhance new product development, customization, and delivery performance for new markets, if production facilities are offshored to or in proximity to these locations. In addition, some companies use a hybrid approach of offshoring the production of some components or products for cost arbitrage while retaining or reshoring other components or products for advantages from value chain integration. Based on the findings of this study, a set of key manufacturing location questions are developed that should be considered by firms pondering onshore, offshore, reshore, or hybrid manufacturing location decisions.
Teachers in health informatics have a broad variety of international and national educational recommendations to rely on when designing programmes, curricula, courses and educational material. However, in addition they often need very specific information for their setting, blue-prints, hands-on experience and encouragement to try something new. This workshop presents three case studies from European universities who have implemented inter-professional, technology enabled health informatics courses in undergraduate, postgraduate and open university settings. These approaches will be put into the context of the TIGER recommendation framework that includes priority ratings of health informatics competencies and case studies to illustrate them. The workshop attendees will have ample opportunity to exchange ideas with the presenters and start a mutual learning process for health informatics teachers.
Background: Muscle fatigue has been reported as a risk factor for the
development of performance-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMD) in
musicians. However, little research exists to support this claim. The aim of
this study was to investigate whether changes occur in muscle activity
patterns during high string performance over a prolonged playing period, and
whether this is influenced by PRMD.
Methods: High string musicians were divided into a PRMD and a non-PRMD
group. They played a chromatic scale pre and post and a self-chosen “hard”
(Borg scale 16-17) piece of music for one hour. Electromyography data
recorded from arm, shoulder and trunk muscles was analyzed: the amplitude
to measure muscle activity characteristics and the lower frequency to
measure muscle fatigue. Differences between and within groups and the
frequency spectrum were analyzed using linear mixed models.
Results: Fifteen musicians participated (7 PRMD: 22.8 years, 2 male/5 female
and 8 non-PRMD: 34.3 years, 2 male/6 female). Changes in muscle activation
patterns were observed between and within both groups, however changes
varied significantly depending on group affiliation. Significant low frequency
spectrum changes between groups were observed in overall muscles of the
right arm (p=0.04) and left forearm flexors (p=0.05) following one hour of
playing.
Conclusions: Muscle activity and frequency spectrum shifts differ in high
string musicians with and without PRMD, suggesting possible differential
muscle fatigue effects between the groups.
Background
Osteoarthritis of the knee is the most common cause for disability and limited mobility in the elderly, with considerable individual suffering and high direct and indirect disease-related costs. Nonsurgical interventions such as exercise, enhanced physical activity, and self-management have shown beneficial effects for pain reduction, physical function, and quality of life (QoL), but access to these treatments may be limited. Therefore, home therapy is strongly recommended. However, adherence to these programs is low. Patients report lack of motivation, feedback, and personal interaction as the main barriers to home therapy adherence. To overcome these barriers, electronic health (eHealth) is seen as a promising opportunity. Although beneficial effects have been shown in the literature for other chronic diseases such as chronic pain, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, a systematic literature review on the efficacy of eHealth interventions for patients with osteoarthritis of knee is missing so far.
Objective
The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of eHealth-supported home exercise interventions with no or other interventions regarding pain, physical function, and health-related QoL in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee.
Methods
MEDLINE, CENTRAL, CINAHL, and PEDro were systematically searched using the keywords osteoarthritis knee, eHealth, and exercise. An inverse variance random-effects meta-analysis was carried out pooling standardized mean differences (SMDs) of individual studies. The Cochrane tool was used to assess risk of bias in individual studies, and the quality of evidence across studies was evaluated following the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach.
Results
The literature search yielded a total of 648 results. After screening of titles, abstracts, and full-texts, seven randomized controlled trials were included. Pooling the data of individual studies demonstrated beneficial short-term (pain SMD=−0.31, 95% CI −0.58 to −0.04, low quality; QoL SMD=0.24, 95% CI 0.05-0.43, moderate quality) and long-term effects (pain −0.30, 95% CI −0.07 to −0.53, moderate quality; physical function 0.41, 95% CI 0.17-0.64, high quality; and QoL SMD=0.27, 95% CI 0.06-0.47, high quality).
Conclusions
eHealth-supported exercise interventions resulted in less pain, improved physical function, and health-related QoL compared with no or other interventions; however, these improvements were small (SMD<0.5) and may not make a meaningful difference for individual patients. Low adherence is seen as one limiting factor of eHealth interventions. Future research should focus on participatory development of eHealth technology integrating evidence-based principles of exercise science and ways of increasing patient motivation and adherence.
Background: While health informatics recommendations on competencies and education serve as highly desirable corridors for designing curricula and courses, they cannot show how the content should be situated in a specific and local context. Therefore, global and local perspectives need to be reconciled in a common framework.
Objectives: The primary aim of this study is therefore to empirically define and validate a framework of globally accepted core competency areas in health informatics and to enrich this framework with exemplar information derived from local educational settings.
Methods: To this end, (i) a survey was deployed and yielded insights from 43 nursing experts from 21 countries worldwide to measure the relevance of the core competency areas, (ii) a workshop at the International Nursing Informatics Conference (NI2016) held in June 2016 to provide information about the validation and clustering of these areas and (iii) exemplar case studies were compiled to match these findings with the practice. The survey was designed based on a comprehensive compilation of competencies from the international literature in medical and health informatics.
Results: The resulting recommendation framework consists of 24 core competency areas in health informatics defined for five major nursing roles. These areas were clustered in the domains “data, information, knowledge”, “information exchange and information sharing”, “ethical and legal issues”, “systems life cycle management”, “management” and “biostatistics and medical technology”, all of which showed high reliability values. The core competency areas were ranked by relevance and validated by a different group of experts. Exemplar case studies from Brazil, Germany, New Zealand, Taiwan/China, United Kingdom (Scotland) and the United States of America expanded on the competencies described in the core competency areas.
Conclusions: This international recommendation framework for competencies in health informatics directed at nurses provides a grid of knowledge for teachers and learner alike that is instantiated with knowledge about informatics competencies, professional roles, priorities and practical, local experience. It also provides a methodology for developing frameworks for other professions/disciplines. Finally, this framework lays the foundation of cross-country learning in health informatics education for nurses and other health professionals.
Change-Projekte sollen Organisationen verändern. Was konkret erneuert wird, variiert je nach Projekt und den damit verbundenen Zielen. Typischerweise geht es um Strate-gien, Prozesse, Strukturen, Unternehmenskultur, Technologien oder auch die Raum- und Gebäudegestaltung. Was sich bei jedem Projekt verändern muss, egal um welches Thema es geht, sind Einstellungen, Verhaltensweisen und Interaktionsmuster der Menschen in der Organisation. Change Management sollte daher immer darauf abzielen, Verhaltensänderungen zu unterstützen.
The increasing complexity of caseloads in SLT practice, e.g. due to higher comorbidity, lacking information or experience in the
treatment of complicated cases, calls for support from experienced as well as specialist practitioners from within the field - especially
for novice therapists. One way to tackle these challenges may be peer coaching and how it can be employed within the educational
and professional SLT setting.
Peer coaching was implemented across five semesters of a successive SLT study programme at a University of Applied Sciences in
Germany. The approach was embedded in a clinical reasoning seminar with 25 SLT students who each presented a challenging case
study from their current workload. All participants completed a short online survey to evaluate the feasibility of the team approach
within this setting as well as their personal benefit and development re. the discussed case studies.
Students felt encouraged by being able to share their experience and tackle actual challenges. They particularly valued receiving
answers from a broad range of other SLTs but also contributing to other students’ queries and providing practical solutions for
them. All participants felt that peer coaching was an appropriate approach for clinical reasoning to support their professional as well
as personal development. Other outcomes were a perceived increased ability to employ metacognitive reflection to be used with
their whole caseload but also a prospective need for further training. Some students suggested the employment of peer coaching
within their work setting.
In the educational as well as professional SLT setting, peer coaching can be successfully employed, triggering metacognitive
reflection re. practitioner’s thinking and acting, resulting in an increased awareness of needs and skills as part of the clinical
reasoning process.
Dieses Buch vermittelt fundiert und praxisnah, wie Führungskräfte in einer immer komplexer werdenden Welt Unternehmen und ihre Mitarbeiter zum Erfolg führen können.
Die Lösung lautet Spot-Leadership. Das bedeutet, sich als Führungskraft von den vielfältigen Situationsvariablen nicht verwirren zu lassen, sondern diese mit Übersicht und System am jeweiligen Punkt (Spot) zu gestalten. Dafür stellen die Autoren einen praktischen Führungs-Kompass vor. Dieser besteht aus sieben Erfolgsfaktoren, die für nachhaltige Führung in agilen Situationen aufeinander abgestimmt werden müssen.
Zu jedem der sieben Erfolgsfaktoren werden die wichtigsten theoretischen Ansätze und empirischen Studien dargestellt und mit zahlreichen Fallbeispielen und praktischen Tipps verdeutlicht, um daraus für die Führungspraxis brauchbare Instrumente und Handlungsoptionen abzuleiten.
Small-fiber neuropathy and pain sensitization in survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
(2018)
Background:
Chemotherapy-induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN) of large-fibers affects up to 20% of survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We aimed to describe small-fiber toxicity and pain sensitization in this group.
Methods:
In a cross-sectional, bicentric study we assessed 46 survivors of pediatric ALL (Mean age: 5.7 ± 3.5 years at diagnosis, median 2.5 years after therapy; males: 28). Inclusion criteria: ≥6 years of age, ≥3 months after last administration of Vincristine, and cumulative dose of Vincristine 12 mg/m2. We used a reduced version of the Pediatric-modified Total Neuropathy Score (Ped-mTNS) as bedside test and Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) for assessment of small- and large-fiber neuropathy as well as pain sensitization. We employed Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS) as the most accurate tool for detecting large-fiber neuropathy.
Results:
Fifteen survivors (33%) had abnormal rPed-mTNS values (≥4 points) and 5 survivors (11%) reported pain. In QST, the survivor group showed significant (p < 0.001) inferior large-fiber function and pain sensitization when compared to healthy matched peers. We identified deficits of vibration in 33 (72%) and tactile hypoesthesia in 29 (63%), hyperalgesia to blunt pressure in 19 (41%), increased mechanical pain sensitivity in 12 (26%) and allodynia in 16 (35%) of 46 survivors. Only 7 survivors (15%) had pathologic NCS.
Conclusion:
QST is a sensitive tool that revealed signs of large-fiber neuropathy in two thirds, small-fiber neuropathy and pain sensitization in one third of survivors. Prospective studies using QST in pediatric oncology may help to elucidate the pathophysiology of small-fiber neuropathy and pain sensitization as well as their relevance for quality of survival.
Background
Forced migration significantly endangers health. Women face numerous health risks, including sexual violence, lack of contraception, sexually transmitted disease, and adverse perinatal outcomes. Therefore, sexual and reproductive healthcare is a significant aspect of women asylum seekers’ health.
Even when healthcare costs of asylum seekers are covered by the government, there may be strong barriers to healthcare access and specific needs may be addressed inadequately. The study’s objectives were a) to assess the accommodation and healthcare services provided to women asylum seekers in standard and specialised health care, b) to assess the organisation of healthcare provision and how it addresses the sexual and reproductive healthcare needs of women asylum seekers.
Methods
The study utilised a multi-method approach, comprising a less-dominant quantitative component and dominant qualitative component. The quantitative component assessed accommodation conditions for women in eight asylum centres using a survey. The qualitative component assessed healthcare provision on-site, using semi-structured interviews with health and social care professionals (n = 9). Asylum centres were selected to cover a wide range of characteristics. Interview analysis was guided by thematic analysis.
Results
The accommodation in the asylum centres provided gender-separate rooms and sanitary infrastructure. Two models of healthcare were identified, which differed in the services they provided and in their organisation: 1) a standard healthcare model characterised by a lack of coordination between healthcare providers, unavailability of essential services such as interpreters, and fragmented healthcare, and 2) a specialised healthcare model specifically tailored to the needs of asylum-seekers. Its organisation is characterised by a network of closely collaborating health professionals. It provided essential services not present in the standard model. We recommend the specialised healthcare model as a guideline for best practise.
Conclusions
The standard, non-specialised healthcare model used in some regions in Switzerland does not fully meet the healthcare needs of women asylum seekers. Specialised healthcare services used in other regions, which include translation services as well as gender and culturally sensitive care, are better suited to address these needs. More widespread use of this model would contribute significantly toward protecting the sexual and reproductive integrity and health of women asylum seekers.
Health IT systems are employed to support continuity of care via information continuity, while management continuity is often neglected. This study aims at investigating issues of management continuity when developing a collaborative decision support system for chronic wounds. Thirty-three experts from a variety of professions and disciplines discussed problems and possible solutions in four workshops. The following topics emerged from the discussion: existing networks involving payers, responsibilities as well as good discharge management. These topics clearly address management continuity and are also relevant for the scenario of inter-professional wound care across different settings.
Sabine Krener ist enttäuscht. Sie bereitet sich auf einen Halbmarathon vor, hat aber zunehmend Probleme beim Laufen. Dass ihre Achillessehne schmerzt, kennt sie schon seit Jahren – nun wird es aber schlimmer, und es treten zudem ständig Krämpfe im rechten Bein auf. Zu allem Überfluss hat sie in den letzten sechs Wochen acht Kilo zugenommen.
Recognition of Emotional Facial Expressions and Alexithymia in Patients with Chronic Facial Pain
(2018)
Objectives
Alexithymia, conceived as difficulties to identify emotions, is said to be related with several pain syndromes. This study examined the recognition of facially expressed emotions and its relation to alexithymia in subjects with chronic facial pain.
Methods
A total of 62 subjects were recruited, with n=20 patients with chronic facial pain and n=42 healthy controls. All subjects were tested for the recognition of facially expressed emotions (Facially Expressed Emotion Labelling Test (FEEL test). The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-26) was used for the diagnosis of alexithymia.
Results
Patients with chronic facial pain performed worse than controls at the FEEL task (p<.001) and showed higher total TAS scores (p<.001). This indicates the presence of alexithymia and facial emotion recognition deficits in the facial pain group.
Discussion
It was concluded from the results that both the recognition of facially expressed emotions, and the ability to identify and describe one’s own feelings (TAS), are restricted in chronic orofacial pain patients. This relationship is particularly important in the treatment of chronic facial pain, indicating that it should become part of the treatment in addition to the therapeutic key issues, to influence the quality of life of the affected patients positively.
Recht auf gute Pflege
(2018)
Current frameworks postulate the success of health IT innovations to be determined by the professionalism of the information management (PIM). Still, empirical knowledge about PIM is scarce up until today. This study seeks to answer three research questions: (1.) How can PIM be measured in a reliable and valid way, (2.) how pronounced is PIM in German hospitals and (3.) do hospital characteristics have an impact on the degree of PIM? Based on the results of an expert workshop and frameworks for information management (IM) items for a PIM inventory were developed and the inventory sent to 1349 chief information officers of German hospitals. A principle component analysis based on the responses of 196 hospitals confirmed the three components that had been proposed by the frameworks: the strategic, the tactical and the operational level. The full inventory implied satisfying reliability and allowed a PIM composite-score to be calculated. The PIM scores for strategic and tactical IM were found to be far lower than for operational IM which hints at strong deficits in these areas. A stepwise regression model indicated that the degree of PIM significantly increased with the size of the hospital, which had been expected and hints the validity of the PIM inventory. This tool offers potentials for hospitals to classify and improve their IM.