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The effect of pulsed electric field (PEF) and ultrasound (US) on the frying behavior of potato chips was investigated. For this purpose, a special fryer with a window was designed to enable the investigation of water evaporation by the characterization of bubble formation during frying. The number of water vapor bubbles and the bubble volume distribution were analyzed in order to gain an insight into heat and mass transfer affected by PEF and US treatment. Quality parameters of the potato chips such as moisture, fat and acrylamide content were measured. Overall, the results of this study show for the first time impacting effects on the frying process that can be achieved by combining PEF as a volumetric cell disintegration technology and ultrasound as a mean to affect interface phenomena. The obtained results can be used to further optimize frying processes used for the production of chips and other products.
Chlorophyllfluoreszenz als Werkzeug für die DCA-Lagerung von Äpfeln (Malus x domestica BORKH.)
(2024)
Äpfel besitzen mehrere Allergene, die beim Essen innerhalb von 5–10 min zu Symptomen im Mundbereich führen – und deshalb von Apfelallergikern nicht gegessen werden können. In Deutschland haben rund 7,5 Mio. Menschen spezifische Antikörper gegen das Hauptallergen (Mal d 1) in Äpfeln entwickelt und sind damit sensibilisiert. Mindestens 3,5 Mio. von ihnen entwickeln die teilweise erheblichen allergischen Symptome als Ausdruck eines Oralen Allergie-Syndroms. Es gibt bisher keine medikamentöse Therapie gegen diese Allergie.
Apfelallergiker können daher nur auf Äpfel ganz verzichten, oder vorher erhitzte Äpfel essen oder Sorten suchen, die wenig Allergene enthalten und deshalb als allergikerfreundliche Apfelsorten bezeichnet werden können.
Alleinige Bestimmungen von Allergenen im Labor können nicht voraussagen, ob ein Apfel ohne allergische Symptome von Apfelallergikern gegessen werden kann; dazu bedarf es klinischer Prüfungen.
Wir beschreiben eine standardisierte klinische, orale Provokationstestung, die zur Charakterisierung eines allergenarmen, allergikerfreundlichen Apfels bzw. Apfelsorte benutzt werden kann.. Die Ergebnisse solcher mindestens dreijährigen Tests können zur Verleihung des ECARF-Siegels für allergikerfreundliche Produkte genutzt werden.
Currently, only non-imaging chlorophyll fluorescence measurements are used to identify the Lower Oxygen Limit (LOL) in Dynamic Controlled Atmosphere - Chlorophyll Fluorescence (DCA-CF) storage. The disadvantage of non-imaging fluorescence is that no statement can be made about the spatial heterogeneity of the sample. In contrast, chlorophyll fluorescence imaging can detect spatial heterogeneity of photosynthetic activity and has been established in research for some decades because the information benefit is higher. In this study, the chlorophyll fluorescence (Fo, Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm) of apples (Malus x domestica, BORKH.) was measured with a fluorescence imaging system in situ during storage. Intact apples of ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ were stored under low-oxygen stress conditions (< 1 kPa). The metabolic shift from aerobic to fermentative metabolism was made visible with the chlorophyll fluorescence imaging and was spatially localized on the sample. Furthermore, a method was developed to identify the LOL based on the chlorophyll fluorescence imaging combined with the histogram division method. This method considers the heterogeneity of the fluorescence and bundles the measured Fo data as histograms. Our results showed that the fluorescence imaging combined with the histogram division method can be a powerful tool for identifying the LOL.
Durch die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels – besonders durch Hitze – geraten viele indigene Baumarten innerhalb der nächsten 75 Jahre voraussichtlich an den Rand ihrer Existenz. Der Stadtstandort stellt eine zusätzliche Herausforderung dar, der durch menschliche Aktivitäten negativ, aber auch positiv beeinflusst werden kann. Besonders die Wasserverfügbarkeit kann durch geeignete vegetationstechnische Maßnahmen und intelligente Profilierung von Oberflächen befördert werden. Die Vegetation wird sich verändern. Mit gebietseinheimischen Genotypen und natürlicher Migration hitzeverträglicher Arten alleine lassen sich unsere Probleme nicht lösen. Wir brauchen Bäume in der Stadt, die beschatten und verdunsten.
Lösungsansätze sind die vielfältige Anpflanzung hitzeresistenter Genotypen indigener Arten, neuer, submediterraner Arten aus Süd- und Südosteuropa (assisted migration) sowie klimatoleranter Arten anderer Kontinente. Es ist allerdings davon auszugehen, dass sich diese Arten dann bei uns auch etablieren werden. Und das ist bei der durch die Eiszeiten verarmten Gehölzflora Mitteleuropas und für lebenswerte Städte auch gut so!
Aufgrund vermuteter, negativer Folgen, welche von der Etablierung und Ausbreitung gebietsfremder Art ausgehen können, ist um die Verwendung von Zukunftsbäumen im städtischen Raum eine Diskussion entstanden. Im Rahmen einer Forschungsarbeit an der Hochschule Osnabrück wurde daher untersucht, wie die Ausbreitungstendenz einzelner Arten von Mitarbeiter*innen in Grünflächenämtern und Botanischen Garten eingeschätzt wird.
Background: New ischaemic brain lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are reported in up to 86% of patients after transcatheter edge-to-edge repair of the mitral valve (TEER-MV). Knowledge of the exact procedural step(s) that carry the highest risk for cerebral embolisation may help to further improve the procedure.
Aims: The aim of this study was to identify the procedural step(s) that are associated with an increased risk of cerebral embolisation during TEER-MV with the MitraClip system. Furthermore, the risk of overt stroke and silent brain ischaemia after TEER-MV was assessed.
Methods: In this prospective, pre-specified observational study, all patients underwent continuous transcranial Doppler examination during TEER-MV to detect microembolic signals (MES). MES were assigned to specific procedural steps: (1) transseptal puncture and placement of the guide, (2) advancing and adjustment of the clip in the left atrium, (3) device interaction with the MV, and (4) removal of the clip delivery system and the guide. Neurological examination using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and cerebral MRI were performed before and after TEER-MV.
Results: Fifty-four patients were included. The number of MES differed significantly between the procedural steps with the highest numbers observed during device interaction with the MV. Mild neurological deterioration (NIHSS ≤3) occurred in 9/54 patients. New ischaemic lesions were detected in 21/24 patients who underwent MRI. Larger infarct volume was significantly associated with neurological deterioration.
Conclusions: Cerebral embolisation is immanent to TEER-MV and predominantly occurs during device interaction with the MV. Improvements to the procedure may focus on this procedural step.
BACKGROUND: Postoperative delirium (POD) is an acute and common complication after surgery that can increase morbidity and mortality. Few previous studies with inconsistent findings have examined the association of preoperative pain and POD. Our purpose is to investigate the association of preoperative chronic pain and POD.
METHODS: This prospective observational cohort study included 200 patients ≥ 18 years scheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia in a tertiary care hospital. POD was defined as meeting diagnostic criteria during the study visits (according to delirium screening tests and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition), or by diagnosis of the responsible physicians. Chronic pain was defined as pain lasting six months or longer. Features of chronic pain were assessed with the German Pain Questionnaire, including the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Associations with POD were assessed using logistic regression analysis adjusting for confounding factors.
RESULTS: Thirty-nine (22%) out of 176 patients developed POD. Chronic pain was not associated with POD after adjustment for ASA physical status, duration of anesthesia and DASS-21 Anxiety score (Odds ratio [OR], 95%-Confidence Interval [CI], 2.216 [0.968;5.070], P=0.060). A subgroup analysis of chronic pain patients revealed that current pain intensity was higher in patients with POD.
CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative chronic pain was no independent predictor for POD. Current pain intensity was higher in chronic pain patients with POD. This indicates that certain features of pain might be influential. Further research is needed to examine different forms of preoperative pain and their possible influence on POD.
Trotz wachsender Bedeutung von Talent Management (TM) in Unternehmen gelingt es nicht, der Talentknappheit zu begegnen. Die Corona-Pandemie verschärft die Situation. Denn der bislang nicht ausgeschöpfte Anteil qualifizierter Frauen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt wächst u. a., weil sich anteilig mehr Frauen als Männer zur Erfüllung von Sorgeaufgaben vom Arbeitsmarkt zurückziehen. Gleichzeitig werden Maßnahmen zur Vereinbarung von Berufs- und Privatleben bislang bei der Rekrutierung und Bindung von Talenten nicht oder unzureichend thematisiert. Auf der Basis der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion wird daher die Frage untersucht, inwiefern sich Vereinbarkeitsangebote von Talenten karriereunschädlich nutzen lassen.
This study reported the impact of electron beam (e-beam) treatment on microbiota and mycotoxins naturally present in red pepper powder and physicochemical quality changes. Treatment at 6 kGy indicated significant (p < 0.05) decontamination of yeasts and molds by 3.0 and 4.4 log CFU/g, respectively. A reduction of 4.5 log CFU/g of total plate counts (TPC) was observed at 10 kGy for 23 s. Fungal inactivation followed first-order kinetics while TPC better fitted with Gompertz function (R2 = 0.9912). E-beam treatment was not efficient for the degradation of aflatoxins but indirectly controlled their production by inactivation of mycotoxigenic molds. Indeed, reduction of 25% ochratoxin A was recorded at 30 kGy retaining >85% of total phenols, carotenoids and antioxidants activity. Moreover, treatment impact on total color difference (ΔE*) indicated ‘slight differences’. Overall, e-beam treatments up to 10 kGy were efficient in decontaminating the natural microbiota without detrimental effects on the physicochemical qualities of red pepper powder.
The study aimed for the analysis of the impact of pulsed electric field (PEF) pre-treatment on convection (CD) and microwave (MW-CD) assisted air drying. Drying kinetics acceleration and retention of bioactive compounds of PEF pre-treated carrots and apples has been demonstrated. Moreover, the direct and indirect environmental energy impacts of CD and MW-CD technologies with consideration of bioactive compounds preservation has been evaluated. PEF assisted CD and MW-CD demonstrated lower energy use, especially for indirect energy consumption, in the case of carotenoids preservation in dried carrots.
The influence of oil content and droplet size of oil-in-water emulsions on the heat development in an ohmic heating system was investigated. The setup was run with constant power or voltage. Emulsions consisted of sunflower oil (10–50 wt%), aqua dest. (90–50 wt%) and whey protein isolate (1.25/ 2.5/ 3.75/ 5.0 and 6.25 wt%) Two different droplet size distributions were produced, large (d0.5 ≈ 2.0 μm) and small (d0.5 ≈ 0.3 μm), for each oil mass fraction. The emulsions were ohmically heated from 10 to 80 °C at a constant power of 3.0 kW and constant voltage of 15 V/cm. The electrical conductivity decreased with an increasing oil content, resulting in longer or shorter heating time for constant voltage or constant power input, respectively. The droplet size only affected the heating process at the highest oil content.
Industrial relevance
Emulsions occur in a wide range of food products (e.g. sauces, dressings, desserts) and have properties giving structure to the food system. Ohmic heating is an emerging thermal process with improved (e.g. faster or less energy required) heating characteristics. The influence of physical changes due to different droplet sizes are of interest because these might also affect the heating characteristic. In addition, the direct comparison of two different process regulations (constant power and constant voltage) indicate which set up is expedient to a successful heating process. This study aims to identify the influence of emulsion-induced structural changes and process changes on the heating rates, which is of interest for the food industry and the related machine building industry.
Currently, the modelling of drying processes of plant tissues pre-treated by pulsed electric field (PEF) is following experimentally identified curves or separate heat and mass transfer and diffusion models with different levels of accuracy. This research had two major objectives: mathematical modeling and control of drying process of different vegetables pretreated by PEF during convective drying. The mathematical modeling was based on Luikov's heat and mass transfer model along with properties of different vegetables. Computer modelling was done using the difference method for predicting moisture and the temperature potentials of untreated and PEF-treated vegetables. The formulation and the solution procedures were applied to simulate the simultaneous heat and mass transfer in selected vegetables subjected to the convective drying. Suggested model had a good correlation with experimental results. Moreover, cell disintegration index can be used as a controllable parameter in heat and mass transfer models to predict drying behavior of potato, onion, and carrot tissues. Obtained drying models can be used as a mathematical tool to predict drying behavior for various types of agricultural products pre-treated by pulsed electric field.
The impact of Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) on the peeling ability of different fruits and vegetables in particular tomatoes, peaches, peppers, and oranges were investigated. Samples were exposed to a fixed electric field strength of 2.15 kV/cm. The specific energy ranged from 0.6 kJ/kg to 50.3 kJ/kg. The treated raw materials were analysed regarding to the peeling ability, skin size and weight and firmness. The best result for tomatoes at a specific energy of 1.2 kJ/kg induced a high score of peeling ability that led to less product loss and could therefore increase the yield by 33.84%–41.53% compared to untreated samples. Moreover, an increased skin size by a factor of 3.7 was observed. However, PEF had no significant impact on peeling ability of oranges, peppers, and peaches. Although oranges showed an improvement in peeling ability by up to 32%, this cannot be traced back to the PEF treatment. The different properties and structures of the raw materials were discussed and provided indications about the limitation of PEF.
The present study investigates properties of heat-induced, self-standing gels of globular proteins. Native egg white protein (EWP) with 9,8 wt% protein and 0,395 wt% NaCl content was adjusted to pH = 7,0 and heated from 25 to 85 °C via Ohmic heating (OH) and conventional heating (COV) with respective come-up times (CUT, 240 and 1200 s) and holding times (HOLD, 30 and 900 s). Gels heated under OH showed lower denaturation levels and less water holding capacity. When HOLD was short, the firmness of OH gels exceeded COV gel firmness but deceeded at long HOLD. Similarly, at short HOLD OH samples presented higher hydrophobic interactions whereas at long HOLD COV gels showed more hydrophobic interactions. This correlated with changes of intermolecular beta-sheet structures which increased with HOLD at COV but decreased or remained unchanged during OH. Furthermore, as an SDS-PAGE revealed the main EWP, ovalbumin, did not fully denature when heated via OH, this lead to the assumption that the oscillatory electric field partially interferes the complete denaturation and development of intermolecular beta-sheet structures and hydrophobic interactions during thermal gelation of this protein. Scanning electron microscopy also showed deviances in network structures between OH and COV as COV gels exhibited a denser and OH gels a more open and porous network structure.
Der Bereich Ernährung wird in den kommenden Jahrzehnten vor zahlreichen Herausforderungen stehen, die sich aus den veränderten Lebensgewohnheiten und globalen Konsummustern bei gleichzeitig hohem Ressourcenverbrauch ergeben. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird in diesem Papier ein neu entwickeltes Instrument zur Verringerung der Auswirkungen auf die Ernährung vorgestellt, der sogenannte Ernährungsfußabdruck. Das Instrument basiert auf der Umsetzung des Konzepts einer nachhaltigen Ernährung in Entscheidungsprozessen und der Unterstützung einer ressourcenschonenden Gesellschaft. Das Konzept integriert jeweils vier Indikatoren aus den beiden ernährungsrelevanten Bereichen Gesundheit und Umwelt und verdichtet sie zu einem leicht kommunizierbaren Ergebnis, das sich in seinen Ergebnissen auf eine Wirkungsebene beschränkt. Anhand von acht Mittagsmahlzeiten werden die Methodik und ihre Berechnungsverfahren detailliert vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die allgemeine wissenschaftliche Sichtweise auf Lebensmittel; Mahlzeiten auf der Basis von tierischem Eiweiß sind im Hinblick auf ihre Gesundheits- und Umweltauswirkungen relevanter. Das Konzept scheint für Verbraucher nützlich zu sein, um ihre eigene Wahl zu bewerten, und für Unternehmen, um ihre internen Daten, ihre Benchmarking-Prozesse oder ihre externe Kommunikationsleistung zu erweitern. Methodische Unzulänglichkeiten und die Interpretation der Ergebnisse werden erörtert, und die Schlussfolgerung zeigt das Potenzial der Instrumente für die Gestaltung von Übergangsprozessen und für die Verringerung des Verbrauchs natürlicher Ressourcen durch die Unterstützung von Entscheidungen und Wahlmöglichkeiten von Lebensmittelanbietern und Verbrauchern.
The impact of pulsed light (PL) treatment on naturally occurring microorganisms, mycotoxins, and on physicochemical properties in red pepper powder was investigated. Powder samples were exposed to different PL treatments up to 61 pulses, with fluence ranging from 1.0 to 9.1 J/cm2. The highest fluence applied (9.1 J/cm2, 61 pulses, 20 s) resulted in 2.7, 3.1, and 4.1 log CFU/g reduction of yeasts, molds, and total plate counts (TPC), where initial microbial loads were 4.6, 5.5, and 6.5 log CFU/g, respectively. At the same fluence intensity, a maximum reduction of 67.2, 50.9, and 36.9% of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), total aflatoxins (AF), and ochratoxin A (OTA) were detected, respectively. Proportional increase in temperature of the samples was observed from the absorbed PL energy, reaching maximum of 59.8°C. The inactivation of investigated microorganisms and mycotoxins followed first-order kinetics (R2 > 0.95). The fluence intensity at 6.9 and 9.1 J/cm2 did not cause degradation, but rather a significant (p < .05) and apparent increase of total phenols. Total color difference (ΔE*) revealed only “slight differences,” compared to the untreated sample. In conclusion, higher reduction of microbial load and mycotoxins in red pepper powder could be achieved, when higher treatment intensity was applied. This suggests the PL as a potential technology for decontamination of red pepper powder and other spice powders.
Bilder, die hängen bleiben. Wie lassen sich transdisziplinäre Transformationsprozesse gestalten?
(2020)
The influence of moderate electric fields (MEF) on thermally induced gelation and network structures of patatin enriched potato protein (PPI) was investigated. PPI solutions with 9 wt% protein (pH 7) and 25 mM NaCl were heated from 25 to 65 °C via OH (3–24 V/cm) or conventional heating (COV) at various come-up (240 s and 1200 s) and holding times (30 s and 600 s). Self-standing gels were produced but less proteins denatured when heated via OH. Further, SDS-PAGE and GPC measurements revealed more native patatin remaining after OH treatment. Scanning electron microscopy showed OH gels to have more gap-like structures and frayed areas than COV treated gels which resulted in lower water holding capacity. On molecular scale, less hydrophobic interactions were measured within the protein network and FTIR trials showed the MEF to affect beta-sheet structures. OH gels further showed lower rigidity and higher flexibility, thus, gelling functionality was affected via OH.
Novel foods by process are a special case in the catalogue of the ten novel food categories according to Article 3 (2) point (a) of the Novel Food Regulation (EU) 2015/2283, since the other nine categories derive their assessment as possible novel foods from their purely substantial properties. In the case of novel foods by process, the problem of dealing with the reference date of 15 May 1997, which is in the end a random reference date, is particularly significant. It would make more sense to have a dynamic reference date that ‘moves along the timeline’ or at least is reset from time to time and is more up-to-date. The characteristic that a process causes ‘significant changes in the composition or structure of the food, affecting its nutritional value, metabolism or level of undesirable substances’ must be understood in such a way that it is only a question of the generation of undesirable substances through the application of the process, but not their reduction, e.g. the reduction of undesirable microorganisms. Finally, the question also arises as to how the assessment of the process technology relates to the assessment of a food in the context of a novel food by composition category. This concerns the exemption for foods that have a history of use as safe foods, which, according to the view taken here, must also be interpreted into the category of novel foods by process.
The ability of film stars to attract viewers is a widely accepted rationale for hiring expensive actors. However, the precise mechanisms behind this ‘drawing power’ remain unclear. By reviewing the existing literature, six possible antecedents of drawing power are identified. Artists with high acting abilities (i) increase a film’s artistic appeal, (ii) function as markers of quality and (iii) facilitate the matching process with the right audiences. Widely popular, commonly perceived as beautiful/handsome but often less talented actors, on the other hand, rather (iv) facilitate the marketing campaigns of films, (v) offer entertaining interactions with famous personalities and (vi) provide manifold opportunities for gossiping. Based on a discussion of the implications for theory and a preliminary analysis of a sample of Hollywood actors, managerial recommendations for those who have and those who depend on star drawing power are developed.
Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the strategic consequences of manufacturing location decisions, with a focus on understanding the link between collocating manufacturing with other value chain activities, via reshoring or retaining and organizational agility.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper uses qualitative data from 115 interviews with executives from UK high value manufacturing companies to explore the recent phenomenon of reshoring and the strategic effects of manufacturing location.
Findings
The location of manufacturing is operationally and strategically important for multinational companies. The spatial dispersion of manufacturing is determined by firm-specific and external factors, both of which are subject to constant change. The analysis shows that concentrating on manufacturing in their home countries enables firms to increase organizational agility and stimulate innovation. Better integration with and more extensive collaboration between related value chain activities, such as research and development, sales and marketing, leads to higher flexibility, speed and responsiveness to customer requirements. However, under certain conditions, firms also continue to benefit from the known advantages of offshoring.
Originality/value
This research sheds light on possible strategic downsides of global value chains, characterized by dispersed activities and intermitted processes. The results provide evidence that retaining manufacturing or bringing back manufacturing operations to a company’s home country can increase organizational flexibility, speed, adaptability, innovativeness and responsiveness to customer requirements. As these capabilities are critical for long-term survival, especially in dynamic environments, firms need to review their global factory configurations and determine whether the short-term advantages of foreign locations continue to justify offshoring practices.
The 3GPP release 16 integrates TSN functionality into 5G and standardizes various options for TSN time synchronization over 5G such as transparent mode and bridge mode. The time domains for the TSN network and the 5G network are kept separate with an option to synchronize either of the networks to the other. The TSN time synchronization over 5G is possible either by using the IEEE 1588 generalized Precision Time Protocol (gPTP) based on UDP/IP multicast or via IEEE 802.1AS based on Ethernet PDUs. The INET and Simu5G simulation frameworks, which are both based on the OMNeT++ discrete event simulator, are widely used for simulating TSN and 5G networks. The INET framework comprises the 802.1AS based time synchronization mechanism, and Simu5G provides the 5G user plane carrying IP PDUs. We modified the 802.1AS-based synchronization model of INET so that it works over UDP/IP. With that, it is possible to synchronize TSN slaves (connected to 5G UEs), across a 5G network, with a TSN master clock, present within a TSN network, that is connected to the 5G core network. Our simulation results show that 500 microseconds of synchronization accuracy can be achieved with the corrected asymmetric propagation delay of uplink and downlink between the gNodeB (gNB) and the User Equipment (UE). Furthermore, the synchronization accuracy can be improved if the delay difference between uplink and downlink is known.
Fütterung von Zuchtstuten
(2021)