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Derzeit existieren wegen des Einflusses sozialer Erwünschtheit nur wenige psychologische Untersuchungen über Korruption. Die bisherige Korruptionsforschung hat sich stark auf die Ausprägung des Korruptionsniveaus gestützt und nicht den Einfluss von Kultur und der dadurch bedingten Wirkungen der Denk- und Verhaltensmuster auf das Konzept und die Ausprägung von Korruption untersucht. Dies ist die Fragestellung der vorliegenden Untersuchung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass unterschiedliche Konzepte von Korruption in Deutschland und Indonesien existieren. Das Konzept der Korruption bezieht sich auf die Frage, welche regelwidrigen Verhaltensweisen in welchem Ausmaß als korrupt bewertet werden. Dieses Korruptionskonzept ist von kulturellen Dimensionen wie Kollektivismus und Menschlichkeit abhängig, wobei diese auch innerhalb der Kulturen Varianzen aufweisen. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die methodischen Probleme der Messung von Korruption und die Schwierigkeiten der Verifizierung einer kulturübergreifenden Konstruktvalidität.
12plusEins
(2018)
Zur Erstellung einer Normwertkurve der mütterlichen Gewichtszunahme während der Schwangerschaft wurden die Daten von 1 763 063 Frauen im Zeitraum von 1995 bis 1997 analysiert. Bei einer Spannbreite der Gewichtsveränderung von - 2 kg bis + 24 kg zeigte sich eine durchschnittliche Gewichtszunahme von 13 kg. Mit diesen Ergebnissen konnten somit erstmals Perzentilkurven der mütterlichen Gewichtszunahme für Deutschland erstellt werden.
Chitin is an abundant waste product from shrimp and mushroom industries and as such, an appropriate secondary feedstock for biotechnological processes. However, chitin is a crystalline substrate embedded in complex biological matrices, and, therefore, difficult to utilize, requiring an equally complex chitinolytic machinery. Following a bottom-up approach, we here describe the step-wise development of a mutualistic, non-competitive consortium in which a lysine-auxotrophic Escherichia coli substrate converter cleaves the chitin monomer N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) into glucosamine (GlcN) and acetate, but uses only acetate while leaving GlcN for growth of the lysine-secreting Corynebacterium glutamicum producer strain. We first engineered the substrate converter strain for growth on acetate but not GlcN, and the producer strain for growth on GlcN but not acetate. Growth of the two strains in co-culture in the presence of a mixture of GlcN and acetate was stabilized through lysine cross-feeding. Addition of recombinant chitinase to cleave chitin into GlcNAc2, chitin deacetylase to convert GlcNAc2 into GlcN2 and acetate, and glucosaminidase to cleave GlcN2 into GlcN supported growth of the two strains in co-culture in the presence of colloidal chitin as sole carbon source. Substrate converter strains secreting a chitinase or a β-1,4-glucosaminidase degraded chitin to GlcNAc2 or GlcN2 to GlcN, respectively, but required glucose for growth. In contrast, by cleaving GlcNAc into GlcN and acetate, a chitin deacetylase-expressing substrate converter enabled growth of the producer strain in co-culture with GlcNAc as sole carbon source, providing proof-of-principle for a fully integrated co-culture for the biotechnological utilization of chitin.
A brief questionnaire for measuring alarm fatigue in nurses and physicians in intensive care units
(2023)
When exposed to hundreds of medical device alarms per day, intensive care unit (ICU) staff can develop “alarm fatigue” (i.e., desensitisation to alarms). However, no standardised way of quantifying alarm fatigue exists. We aimed to develop a brief questionnaire for measuring alarm fatigue in nurses and physicians. After developing a list of initial items based on a literature review, we conducted 15 cognitive interviews with the target group (13 nurses and two physicians) to ensure that the items are face valid and comprehensible. We then asked 32 experts on alarm fatigue to judge whether the items are suited for measuring alarm fatigue. The resulting 27 items were sent to nurses and physicians from 15 ICUs of a large German hospital. We used exploratory factor analysis to further reduce the number of items and to identify scales. A total of 585 submissions from 707 participants could be analysed (of which 14% were physicians and 64% were nurses). The simple structure of a two-factor model was achieved within three rounds. The final questionnaire (called Charité Alarm Fatigue Questionnaire; CAFQa) consists of nine items along two scales (i.e., the “alarm stress scale” and the “alarm coping scale”). The CAFQa is a brief questionnaire that allows clinical alarm researchers to quantify the alarm fatigue of nurses and physicians. It should not take more than five minutes to administer.
Urban greenspace has gained considerable attention during the last decades because of its relevance to wildlife conservation, human welfare, and climate change adaptation. Biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation worldwide require the formation of new concepts of ecological restoration and rehabilitation aimed at improving ecosystem functions, services, and biodiversity conservation in cities. Although relict sites of natural and semi-natural ecosystems can be found in urban areas, environmental conditions and species composition of most urban ecosystems are highly modified, inducing the development of novel and hybrid ecosystems. A consequence of this ecological novelty is the lack of (semi-) natural reference systems available for defining restoration targets and assessing restoration success in urban areas. This hampers the implementation of ecological restoration in cities. In consideration of these challenges, we present a new conceptual framework that provides guidance and support for urban ecological restoration and rehabilitation by formulating restoration targets for different levels of ecological novelty (i.e., historic, hybrid, and novel ecosystems). To facilitate the restoration and rehabilitation of novel urban ecosystems, we recommend using established species-rich and well-functioning urban ecosystems as reference. Such urban reference systems are likely to be present in many cities. Highlighting their value in comparison to degraded ecosystems can stimulate and guide restoration initiatives. As urban restoration approaches must consider local history and site conditions, as well as citizens’ needs, it may also be advisable to focus the restoration of strongly altered urban ecosystems on selected ecosystem functions, services and/or biodiversity values. Ecosystem restoration and rehabilitation in cities can be either relatively inexpensive or costly, but even expensive measures can pay off when they effectively improve ecosystem services such as climate change mitigation or recreation. Successful re‐shaping and re-thinking of urban greenspace by involving citizens and other stakeholders will help to make our cities more sustainable in the future.
Objectives
Cervical movement impairment has been identified as a core component of cervicogenic headache evaluation. However, normal range of motion values in children has been investigated rarely and no study has reported such values for the flexion–rotation test (FRT). The purpose of this study was to identify normal values and side-to-side variation for cervical spine range of motion (ROM) and the FRT, in asymptomatic children aged 6–12 years. Another important purpose was to identify the presence of pain during the FRT.
Methods
Thirty-four asymptomatic children without history of neck pain or headache (26 females and 8 males, mean age 125.38 months [SD 13.14]) were evaluated. Cervical spine cardinal plane ROM and the FRT were evaluated by a single examiner using a cervical ROM device.
Results
Values for cardinal plane ROM measures are presented. No significant gender difference was found for any ROM measure. Mean difference in ROM for rotation, side flexion, and the FRT were less than one degree. However, intra-individual variation was greater, with lower bound scores of 9.32° for rotation, 5.30° for side flexion, and 10.89° for the FRT. Multiple linear regression analysis indicates that movement in the cardinal planes only explains 19% of the variance in the FRT. Pain scores reported following the FRT were less than 2/10.
Discussion
Children have consistently greater cervical spine ROM than adults. In children, side-to-side variation in rotation and side flexion ROM and range recorded during the FRT indicates that the clinician should be cautious when using range in one direction to determine impairment in another. Range recorded during the FRT is independent of cardinal movement variables, which further adds to the importance of the FRT, as a test that mainly evaluates range of movement of the upper cervical spine.
Integration of nutritional and sustainable aspects is a complex task tackled by a few scientific concepts. They include multiple dimensions and functions of food systems trying to provide solutions for harmonic co-evolution of humanity and planet Earth. “Nutritional Sustainability” is differentiated from other concepts which combine nutrition and sustainability as it not only sets environmental sustaining capacity as a baseline level for balanced nutrition, but also aims for the search of food system driving nodes. It does not aim for the support of solutions of producing enough or more food for increasing population (sustainable nutrition), neither does it contradict other similar concepts [sustainable nutrition security, nutritional life cycle assessment (LCA)]. However, it calls for more definite estimation of the carrying capacity of the environment on personal, local, and national levels for the development of more efficient solutions of nutrition balanced in the limits of environmental carrying capacity. The review is providing a few examples of advances in nutritional science (personalized nutrition, nutrigenetics), food technology (personalized food processing, food ecodesign), and food complex systems (artificial intelligence and gut microbiome), which have a great potential to progress sustainable food systems with Nutritional Sustainability set as a guiding concept.
Currently, the treatment of musicians is an interprofessional approach. Playing-related health complaints may impact the performance of a musician. In Germany, a medical consulting hour for musicians exists, but those for athletes in sports medicine are not so common. The diagnosing and treatment procedure within the physiotherapy consultation for musicians follows a specific concept-b and requires knowledge of instruments and musician-specific complaints. Based on the consulting hour in a clinic in Osnabrueck, 614 case reports were part of this sample, of which 558 data sets were complete. The focus of the analysis is the instrument and the primary complaint. Also, the type of therapy is characterized, and the amount is calculated. Primary complaints of musicians, in general, are found most frequently in the spine and upper extremity. Musician complaints are different between instruments. Instrumentalists have a significantly higher chance to suffer from a primary complaint in the area of the upper extremity. Furthermore, the groups without an instrument (e.g., singing or dancing) are developing complaints in the anatomical area which they primarily use. Therefore, these types of therapy were used: physiotherapy, manual therapy, and osteopathy with an average of 5.9 treatment units. This study underpinned the importance of musician-specific physiotherapy as a profession to treat musicians. Also, an interdisciplinary approach is necessary to treat all aspects of complaints.
The objective of this review is a global assessment of the economics of second‐generation biorefineries, with a focus on the use of food waste and agricultural residues for chemical production by applying biotechnological processes. Analyses are conducted on feedstock and product distribution, applied economic models, and profitability figures for the period 2013–2018. In a study of 163 articles on different biorefinery systems, the production of chemicals is identified as the second major product class, after bioenergy. Bagasse and straw are frequently analyzed second‐generation feedstocks. Based on the evaluation of 22 articles, second‐generation biorefineries producing chemicals by applying biotechnological processes proves to be economically feasible. On average, both the internal rate of return (IRR) and the return on investment (ROI) are 20% and the payback period (PP) is 6 years. The cost share of feedstock in biorefineries is between 0–50%. The price of the end product and the fermentation yields have the most impact on profitability. The processing of food waste that has industrial and municipal origins appears more economical than the processing of agricultural residues. Scientists, policy makers and entrepreneurs with an appropriate risk tolerance are advised to pay particular attention to municipal food waste and the potential economic production of carboxylic acids. For various economic issues related to biorefineries, dynamic‐deterministic models are recommended, which can be extended by a stochastic model. This review provides an initial overview of the economic feasibility of second‐generation biorefineries. Further techno‐economic analyses are required to produce statistically significant statements on key profitability figures. © 2020 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts, and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Business-driven development favors the construction of process models
at different abstraction levels and by different people. As a consequence, there is a demand for consolidating different versions of process models by merging them. In this paper, we study a basic scenario, derive requirements and present a prototype for detecting and resolving changes between process models.
Transport operations are climate sensitive. Despite this, scientific literature and corporate practice present little evidence on how corporate actors use climate adaptation measures to prepare their transport operations for climate change. This paper explores two research questions: How can the acceptance among corporate decision-makers towards climate adaptation measures for their transport operations be explained? Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Diffusion of Innovations we develop a theoretical framework for dealing with climate adaptation measures for transport operations (step 1). We support the use of this framework through a literature review (1989–2020) (step 2) and semi-structured interviews with German companies that have implemented best practice measures (step 3). The results show that the handling of climate adaptation measures for transport operations can be described in three acceptance phases: acceptance of attitude, action, and use. We conclude that these phases determine the approaches required for promoting climate change adaptation.
Achtsam durch den Change
(2019)
In vielen Wirtschaftsunternehmen, aber auch in Institutionen wie Schulen oder Hochschulen haben Achtsamkeitsübungen Einzug gehalten. Die Forschungsprojekte und Publikationen dazu boomen und stoßen auf großes Interesse in der Öffentlichkeit. Man will beispielsweise wissen, wie sich Achtsamkeit auf die psychische und physische Gesundheit, das Konzentrationsvermögen, die Selbstund Emotionsregulation, die Entscheidungskompetenz, das Konfliktverhalten, die soziale und moralische Kompetenz, die Kreativität oder auch die Lernfähigkeit auswirkt. Da liegt es nahe zu fragen: Kann Achtsamkeit auch für das Change Management bedeutsam sein?
Objective:
To compare the short- and long-term effects of a structural-oriented (convential) with an activity-oriented physiotherapeutic treatment in patients with frozen shoulder.
Design:
Double-blinded, randomized, experimental study.
Setting:
Outpatient clinic.
Subjects:
We included patients diagnosed with a limited range of motion and pain in the shoulder region, who had received a prescription for physiotherapy treatment, without additional symptoms of dizziness, a case history of headaches, pain and/or limited range of motion in the cervical spine and/or temporomandibular joint.
Interventions:
The study group received treatment during the performance of activities. The comparison group was treated with manual therapy and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (conventional therapy). Both groups received 10 days of therapy, 30 minutes each day.
Main measures:
Range of motion, muscle function tests, McGill pain questionnaire and modified Upper Extremity Motor Activity Log were measured at baseline, after two weeks of intervention and after a three-month follow-up period without therapy.
Results:
A total of 66 patients were randomized into two groups: The activity-oriented group (n = 33, mean = 44 years, SD = 16 years) including 20 male (61%) and the structural-oriented group (n = 33, mean = 47 years, SD = 17 years) including 21 male (64%). The activity-oriented group revealed significantly greater improvements in the performance of daily life activities and functional and structural tests compared with the group treated with conventional therapy after 10 days of therapy and at the three-month follow-up (p < 0.05).
Conclusions:
Therapy based on performing activities seems to be more effective for pain reduction and the ability to perform daily life activities than conventional treatment methods.
Adaptivity is prevalent in today’s software. Mobile devices
self-adapt to available network connections, washing machines
adapt to the amount of laundry, etc. Current approaches for engineering such systems facilitate the specification of adaptivity in the analysis and the technical design. However, the modeling of platform independent models for adaptivity in the logical design phase remains rather neglected causing a gap between the analysis and the technical design phase.
To overcome this situation, we propose an approach called Adapt Cases. Adapt Cases allow the explicit modeling of adaptivity with domain-specific means, enabling adaptivity to gather attention early in the software engineering process.
Since our approach is based on the concept of use cases it
is easy adoptable in new and even running projects that
use the UML as a specification language, and additionally,
can be easily incorporated into model-based development
environments.
Hintergrund: Geburtshilfliche Interventionen nehmen weltweit zu, auch in Deutschland. Um deren Zahl zu reduzieren entstehen verschiedene Ansätze zur Förderung der normalen Geburt, so auch der deutsche „Expertinnenstandard Förderung der physiologischen Geburt“. Unter anderem wird darin eine Hebammensprechstunde gefordert. Inwieweit Hebammensprechstunden in Einrichtungen, die den Expertinnenstandard eingeführt haben, implementiert sind und ob sie in ihrer Ausgestaltung den Empfehlungen, so wie sie von den Entwicklerinnen intendiert waren (Adhärenz), folgen, ist bisher nicht bekannt. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, Analysemerkmale für die Hebammensprechstunde zu entwickeln, die Zielgruppe und Inhalte zu identifizieren und die Adhärenz zu untersuchen.
Methode: Eine Delphi-Befragung zur Entwicklung von Analysemerkmalen mit 3 Entwicklerinnen und eine quantitative Dokumentenanalyse der Dokumente der Hebammensprechstunden zweier Krankenhäuser wurde durchgeführt (Krankenhaus 1: n=92; Krankenhaus 2: n=62).
Ergebnisse: Sechs Merkmale (Dokumentation von „Sorgen und Ängste“, „Absprachen“, „Beratungsthemen“, „Themen, die besprochen wurden“, „Nachvollziehbarkeit der Möglichkeiten der Geburtsplanung“ und „Optionen der Geburtsplanung) wurden aus dem Expertinnenstandard identifiziert. Vor allem Erstgebärende (77,2%) nehmen die Hebammensprechstunde in Anspruch. Es zeigt sich ein breites Spektrum an Themen, die im Rahmen der Hebammensprechstunde angesprochen werden. Die Dokumente von Krankenhaus 2 belegen eine hohe Adhärenz, während die Dokumente von Krankenhaus 1 eine mittlere Adhärenz zeigen.
Schlussfolgerungen: Die Untersuchung der Adhärenz ermöglicht es Krankenhäusern, die Hebammensprechstunde auf ihre Umsetzung hin einzuschätzen. Auf Grundlage der hier vorgestellten Analyse können Anpassungen, z. B. an der Dokumentenstruktur oder den Beratungsinhalten vorgenommen werden. Im Kontext der Hebammensprechstunde besteht weiterer Forschungsbedarf zu den Implementierungsprozessen, um vorhandene Unterschiede in der Adhärenz besser zu erklären.
The increased consumption of reduced-fat or non-fat products leads to a reduced intake of fat-soluble bioactive substances, such as fat-soluble vitamins. Due to their natural role as transport systems for hydrophobic substances, casein micelles (CM) might depict a viable system. The structure of CM is characterized by a lipophilic core stabilized by an electric double layer-like structure. Modification allows accessibility of the core and, therefore, the inclusion of fat-soluble bioactive substances. Well-known modifications are pH reduction and use of rennet enzyme. A completely new procedure to modify CM structure is offered by pulsed electrical fields (PEF). The principle behind PEF is called electroporation and affects the electric double layer of CM so that it is interrupted. In this way, lipophilic substances can be incorporated into CM. In this work, we evaluated integration of β-carotene into native CM by an industry-compatible process to overcome disadvantages associated with the use of Na-caseinate and avoid great technical effort, e.g., due to treatment with high hydrostatic pressure. Our research has shown that PEF can be used for disintegration of CM and that significant amounts of β-carotene can be incorporated in CM. Furthermore, after disintegration using PEF, a combination of another PEF and thermal treatment was applied to restructure CM and trap significant amounts of β-carotene, permanently, ending up with an encapsulation efficiency of 78%.
Akademische Unternehmensgründungen besitzen für Wirtschaftswachstum und Beschäftigung
unzweifelhaft eine besondere Bedeutung. Grundlage hierfür ist eine nachhaltige Sensibilisierung für
den Gründungsgedanken und das Unternehmertum. Hinsichtlich der Anforderungen an die
Sensibilisierungsmaßnahmen besteht allerdings noch eine Forschungslücke. Der vorliegende Beitrag
beleuchtet auf Basis empirischer Untersuchungen die Frage der Sensibilisierung von
Hochschulangehörigen zum Thema „Unternehmensgründung“. Der Fokus der Betrachtungen liegt
auf den Sensibilisierungsinstrumenten, dem Zeitpunkt der Maßnahmen und den Auswirkungen auf
die Zahl der akademischen Gründungen.
Akzeptanz für Algorithmen
(2021)
Seit mehr als 20 Jahren beschäftigt sich die personaldiagnostische Forschung u. a. mit der Frage, wie Bewerberinnen und Bewerber diagnostische Verfahren der Personalauswahl bewerten. Nachfolgend wird von Ergebnissen berichtet, die sich mit der Akzeptanz von 10 Übungen bzw. Verfahren beschäftigen, die im Assessment Center zum Einsatz kommen. Die Untersuchung basiert auf sieben Assessment Centern (N = 237). Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass AC-Teilnehmer eine Übung umso mehr akzeptieren, je mehr sie das Verhalten des einzelnen Teilnehmers in den Vordergrund stellt und dabei Aufgaben des Berufsalltags simuliert. In Übereinstimmung mit dem Selbstwertansatz fällt die Bewertung einer Übung dabei umso positiver aus, je besser die AC-Teilnehmer nach eigener Einschätzung darin abschneiden.
Introduction: Patients undergoing revision total hip surgery (RTHS) have a high prevalence of mild and moderate preoperative anemia, associated with adverse outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of perioperative allogeneic blood transfusions (ABT) and postoperative complications in preoperatively mild compared to moderate anemic patients undergoing RTHS who did not receive a diagnostic anemia workup and treatment before surgery. Methods: We included 1,765 patients between 2007 and 2019 at a university hospital. Patients were categorized according to their severity of anemia using the WHO criteria of mild, moderate, and severe anemia in the first Hb level of the case. Patients were grouped as having received no ABT, 1–2 units of ABT, or more than 2 units of ABT. Need for intraoperative ABT was assessed in accordance with institutional standards. Primary endpoint was the compound incidence of postoperative complications. Secondary outcomes included major/minor complications and length of hospital and ICU stay. Results: Of the 1,765 patients, 31.0% were anemic of any cause before surgery. Transfusion rates were 81% in anemic patients and 41.2% in nonanemic patients. The adjusted risks for compound postoperative complication were significantly higher in patients with moderate anemia (OR 4.88, 95% CI: 1.54–13.15, p = 0.003) but not for patients with mild anemia (OR 1.93, 95% CI: 0.85–3.94, p < 0.090). Perioperative ABT was associated with significantly higher risks for complications in nonanemic patients and showed an increased risk for complications in all anemic patients. In RTHS, perioperative ABT as a treatment for moderate preoperative anemia of any cause was associated with a negative compound effect on postoperative complications, compared to anemia or ABT alone. Discussion: ABT is associated with adverse outcomes of patients with moderate preoperative anemia before RTHS. For this reason, medical treatment of moderate preoperative anemia may be considered.
Chronic illness can have a profound impact on couples’ relationships. In dealing with relational changes, new constructions and forms of relationships may arise. In the context of a larger grounded theory study on relational processes and practices in couples faced with chronic illness, this article focuses on concurrent relationships as an alternative form of relationship construction which embodies an additional relationship existing parallel to that of the couple confronted with chronic illness. Based on qualitative interviews with a subsample of five persons within the larger study, conditions for the development and characteristics of concurrent relationships are presented. From an individual and shared life questioned by chronic illness, concurrent relationships are formed in the attempt to be able to live on together in a new partner relationship and a continued care relationship. This can lead to new constructions of relationships, family life, and social relations in everyday life.
Ambient assisted living und Pflegebedürftigkeit : wie finden Anspruch und Realität zueinander?
(2010)
Gegenstand dieses Beitrages, der auf einer Grounded Theory Studie zur Situation von Geschwistern von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit chronischer Erkrankung basiert, ist ihr Erleben von Ambivalenz und Ambiguität. Dieses dialektische Verhältnis von Gefühlen, Gedanken und Handlungen prägt die Geschwisterbeziehung und somit die Persönlichkeitsentwicklung. Ist das alltägliche Leben durch die Präsenz einer chronischen Erkrankung irritiert, verändert sich die Konstellation in den geschwisterlichen Rollen. Neben Ambivalenz- und Ambiguitätserfahrungen beschäftigt sich der Aufsatz auch mit den resultierenden Umgangs- und Bewältigungsformen der gesunden Geschwister. Ein besonderes Potential bietet in diesem Kontext die Ambiguitätstoleranz als die Fähigkeit, Widersprüche und Mehrdeutigkeit auszuhalten.
Standard extensive green roofs (EGRs) with their shallow substrate layers represent extreme sites for plant growth and therefore are planted mostly with drought-resistant species, including non-native plant species. As standard EGR substrates often lack potentially mutualistic soil microorganisms, it has been stated that inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) might increase plant performance and drought resistance. Aiming to support native biodiversity on EGRs, we tested whether AMF inoculation into standard green roof substrate can enhance plant performance and drought resistance of regionally occurring native dry grassland species.
The results of a pot experiment with 11 native plant species growing with and without AMF inoculation showed considerable differences in fitness-relevant plant traits. Over 88 days of moderate drought conditions, inoculated plants produced 2.5 times more above-ground biomass than control plants. In addition, the number of inflorescences on inoculated plants was significantly higher in 5 out of 7 flowering species. Under severe drought stress created by stopping the water supply, however, inoculated plants wilted on average 2.38 days earlier than control plants.
Although the underlying mechanisms of the observed results remain unresolved, AMF inoculation might help to enhance an earlier and higher seed set, facilitating the establishment of a soil seed bank, which is necessary for a self-sustaining plant population in drought-governed habitats such as EGRs.
Organic pot-based production of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) often has lower biomass yield than conventional cultivation. Previous investigations indicate that this growth impairment is related to high ammonium (NH4+) concentrations in the growing media released by the mineralization of organic nitrogen (N) fertilizers. However, as a result of this ammonification process substrate pH may also increase. Under neutral to alkaline conditions NH4+ is converted to ammonia (NH3), which is known to be phytotoxic even at low concentrations. Therefore, we investigated the impact of both ammonical N species on basil grown in a peat substrate. In total, three fertilization pot experiments were conducted in a greenhouse in order to compare the effect of different organic base dressings [250 and 750 mg N (L substrate)-1 mainly supplied by a liquid amino acid fertilizer (AAF)] and two initial substrate pH levels (5.5 and 6.5). In two treatments, 5% (v/v) mature compost was mixed into the peat 1 day and 12–days before the substrate was used for sowing, respectively. The aim of this procedure was to stimulate nitrification in this way to reduce ammonical N concentration. Ammonia concentration in the aerial plant surrounding environment was measured by using NH3 detector tubes in combination with an open-top chamber method. The results showed that the growth of basil (number of plants, fresh matter yield, plant height) was significantly inhibited in the second and third week of cultivation by rising NH3 and NH4+ exposure, as well as by a substrate pH ≥ 7.0. These adverse effects were reduced by lowering the organic base dressing rate and adjusting the initial substrate pH to 5.5. Furthermore, the addition of mature compost to peat in combination with a 12-day storage was proven to be effective for promoting nitrification in the organically fertilized substrate. As a result, plant growth was improved by both lower NH3 and NH4+ exposure as well as a faster supply of nitrate (NO3-) as an additional N source. Using this approach, it was possible to feed organically fertilized basil right from the seedling stage with a NO3--N/NH4+-N-balanced and later on providing a predominant NO3--N supply.
Im ökologischen Anbau von Topfbasilikum treten des Öfteren Wachstums- und Qualitätsbeeinträchtigungen auf. Diese machen sich bereits an den Jungpflanzen in Form chlorotischer und nekrotischer Keimblätter bemerkbar. Nachfolgend können Infektionen mit Schwächeparasiten wie Botrytis auftreten. Im Rahmen eines Düngungsversuches sollte geklärt werden, inwieweit diese Probleme im Zusammenhang mit der Anreicherung von Ammonium stehen, welches durch die Mineralisierung organischer Dünger in das Kultursubstrat freigesetzt wird. Versuchsfaktoren waren das Ammonium-N/Nitrat-N-Verhältnis (100/0; 50/50; 0/100) und die Stickstoffkonzentration in der Nährlösung (8, 12 und 16 mmol N/L). Ammonium wurde mittels des Nitrifikationshemmstoffes 3,4-Dimethylpyrazolphosphat (DMPP) stabilisiert. Zusätzlich war in den Versuch eine organische N-Düngevariante einbezogen, die neben einer Grunddüngung mit festen Düngern (Hornspäne und DCM ECO-MIX 4) eine flüssige Nachdüngung (Organic Plant Feed) beinhaltete. Die Kultur der Pflanzen erfolgte in einem Torfsubstrat, das zu Versuchsbeginn auf pH 6,5 eingestellt war.
Mit Nitrat (NO3-) als alleiniger Stickstoffquelle zeigte Basilikum über den gesamten Kulturzeitraum ein vitales Wachstum. Ein reines Ammoniumangebot (NH4+) ging, unabhängig von der N-Stufe, mit einer geringeren Keimrate sowie mit verminderten Pflanzenhöhen- und Frischmassezuwächsen einher. Außerdem waren hier chlorotische Keimblätter und eine verringerte Turgeszenz des Sprosses zu beobachten. In der organischen N-Düngevariante blieb das Pflanzenwachstum zunächst ebenfalls hinter dem mit NO3--Angebot zurück. Des Weiteren waren hier die Schadsymptome an den Keimblättern besonders stark ausgeprägt. Im Zuge der Ammonifikation der organischen N-Dünger kam es in den ersten Versuchswochen zu einer Anreicherung von bis zu 350 mg NH4+-N/L Substrat als alleiniger mineralischer Stickstoffform. Mit fortschreitender Nitrifikation setzte dann ein stimuliertes Pflanzenwachstum ein. Zu Versuchsende wiesen die organisch gedüngten Pflanzen den höchsten NO3--Gehalt im Spross auf. Der kompakteste Wuchs und die höchste Turgeszenz der Pflanzen konnten mit ausgeglichenem NH4+/NO3--Angebot erzielt werden.
Hintergrund:
Das zentrale Instrument in der Gesundheitsversorgung zur Messung von Qualität sind Qualitätsindikatoren. Die Qualität der Messung von Versorgungsqualität hängt von der Güte der Indikatoren ab. Mit dem QUALIFY Instrument kann diese Güte auf wissenschaftlicher Grundlage bestimmt werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit evaluiert QUALIFY und gibt Hinweise für eine Weiterentwicklung.
Methode:
Die Evaluation des QUALIFY Instruments erfolgte in Form von strukturierten qualitativen Interviews (Fokusgruppen-Interviews). Die Teilnehmer der ersten Fokusgruppe waren sowohl an der Entwicklung des Instruments beteiligt als auch in der Anwendung erfahren. In der zweiten Fokusgruppe Beteiligte waren ausschließlich QUALIFY Anwender.
Ergebnisse:
Zwischen beiden Gruppen traten keine wesentlichen Unterschiede in der Beurteilung auf. QUALIFY wurde bislang für die Bestimmung von Qualitätsindikatoren des Qualitätsberichts, für eine Vorauswahl von Indikatoren für die nationalen Versorgungsleitlinien und für ein Projekt Arzneimittelsicherheit des Aktionsbündnisses Patientensicherheit angewendet. Als Hemmschwelle für eine weitere Verbreitung wurde gesehen, dass das Instrument in seiner derzeitigen Anwendungsform eine nicht unerhebliche Komplexität aufweist und damit in der Anwendung auch entsprechend ressourcenaufwendig ist. Dennoch wurde die Kosten-Effektivität als angemessen eingestuft, da sich aus dem Einsatz nicht angemessener Qualitätsindikatoren erhebliche Folgekosten ableiten können. Ziel könnte es daher sein, QUALIFY für verschiedene Einsatzzwecke in der Komplexität abzustufen und zudem auch international stärker zu verankern.
Diskussion:
Mit QUALIFY und damit der Bewertung von Qualitätsindikatoren wurde weitgehend Neuland betreten. Die zukünftige Bedeutung von Qualitätsmessung macht die weitere Evaluation und Entwicklung entsprechender Instrumente notwendig. Fokusgruppeninterviews können hierbei ein geeigneter Ansatz sein, um die Akzeptanz und Umsetzungsprobleme in der Praxis zu evaluieren.
The relevance of cross-industry innovation has increased in recent decades with a growing number of inter-industry fields emerging on the borderline between formerly distinct industries. The aim of this paper is to analyse industry convergence in four probiotics innovation value chains based on the following indicators: cross-industry relationships along the innovation value chain as well as knowledge, technological, regulatory and competence convergence. In so doing, the study delivers a framework of indicators for scrutinising industry convergence processes. In order to identify industry convergence, we analyse companies in the converging area of foods and drugs based on products containing the four bacteria strains: Lactobacillus caseii DN 114001, Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA5 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Hence, the commercial availability of the strains on the market serves as a selection criterion. Altogether 12 companies stemming from four industrial backgrounds, food and agriculture (5), pharmaceutics (5), chemistry (1) and personal care (1), as well as one research organisation are identified. Cross-industry relationships occur along the innovation value chains of the four strains. Clear signs of knowledge and technological convergence are found as companies are not only publishing and patenting in the usual area of their own industrial field but also in the area of other industrial fields. Companies with different industrial backgrounds show activities in obtaining health claims indicating regulatory convergence. Companies' competence bases seem to converge as companies with different industrial backgrounds are involved in acquisitions, licencing agreements and strategic alliances (competence convergence). We contribute to the existing body of literature by assessing industry convergence from an innovation value chain perspective with a set of indicators reflecting the intensity of industry convergence. This framework of indicators stemming from literature has not yet been used in a combined comprehensive analysis. Furthermore, we tried to show the characteristics of strategic types driving industry convergence in probiotics.
Soil seed banks have a high potential for vegetation re-establishment in restoration projects. We studied the soil seed bank in an oxbow system of a disconnected floodplain of the Danube River in Southern Germany. The aim of the study was to analyze if floodplain target species were still present in the seed bank after more than 150 years of embankment and disconnection from fluvial dynamics. In this context we investigated seed density, seed bank species richness and species composition in four broad habitat types with and without water-level fluctuations during the time of embankment (permanent water, fluctuating water, reed bed, hardwood floodplain forest). In addition, the similarity between seed bank and above-ground vegetation in these habitat types was studied in order to predict the success of future restoration measures. In total, 124 vascular plant species were determined in the seed bank samples. More than 50 % (66 species) were target species typical for floodplain habitats and 26 of these target species were lost or very rare in the above-ground vegetation. The four habitat types differed significantly in mean seed density and mean species richness. Mean species richness and the number of target species in the seed bank as well as the mean seed density were greatest in the habitats with fluctuating water level whereas mean seed density was much lower in the parts with more or less stable conditions like permanently standing water and hardwood floodplain forest. Sørensen similarity between seed bank and above-ground vegetation was very low in habitats with more or less stable water levels and desirable floodplain target species were very rare or completely absent. Our results indicate that the soil seed bank can be an important seed reservoir for the ecological restoration of floodplain plant communities especially for habitats with unstable environmental conditions during the period of disconnection. Restoration of water level dynamics is important to maintain the seed bank of populations of floodplain target species.
Background:
Contact tracing apps are potentially useful tools for supporting national COVID-19 containment strategies. Various national apps with different technical design features have been commissioned and issued by governments worldwide.
Objective:
Our goal was to develop and propose an item set that was suitable for describing and monitoring nationally issued COVID-19 contact tracing apps. This item set could provide a framework for describing the key technical features of such apps and monitoring their use based on widely available information.
Methods:
We used an open-source intelligence approach (OSINT) to access a multitude of publicly available sources and collect data and information regarding the development and use of contact tracing apps in different countries over several months (from June 2020 to January 2021). The collected documents were then iteratively analyzed via content analysis methods. During this process, an initial set of subject areas were refined into categories for evaluation (ie, coherent topics), which were then examined for individual features. These features were paraphrased as items in the form of questions and applied to information materials from a sample of countries (ie, Brazil, China, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, and the United Kingdom [England and Wales]). This sample was purposefully selected; our intention was to include the apps of different countries from around the world and to propose a valid item set that can be relatively easily applied by using an OSINT approach.
Results:
Our OSINT approach and subsequent analysis of the collected documents resulted in the definition of the following five main categories and associated subcategories: (1) background information (open-source code, public information, and collaborators); (2) purpose and workflow (secondary data use and warning process design); (3) technical information (protocol, tracing technology, exposure notification system, and interoperability); (4) privacy protection (the entity of trust and anonymity); and (5) availability and use (release date and the number of downloads). Based on this structure, a set of items that constituted the evaluation framework were specified. The application of these items to the 10 selected countries revealed differences, especially with regard to the centralization of the entity of trust and the overall transparency of the apps’ technical makeup.
Conclusions:
We provide a set of criteria for monitoring and evaluating COVID-19 tracing apps that can be easily applied to publicly issued information. The application of these criteria might help governments to identify design features that promote the successful, widespread adoption of COVID-19 tracing apps among target populations and across national boundaries.
Um die Milchviehhaltung gibt es seit einigen Jahren auch eine öffentliche Tierwohldiskussion. Zwei Aspekte sind dabei immer wieder Gegenstand der Debatte: Die Anbindehaltung und der Weidegang. Auf Basis von qualitativen Interviews mit zivilgesellschaftlichen Verbänden und landwirtschaftlichen Verbänden zum Thema Tierwohl in der Milchviehwirtschaft wurden die Einstellungen und die Argumentationsmuster beider Verbandsgruppen zu den Haltungsformen Weidegang und Anbindehaltung ergründet. Von Interesse ist dieser Vergleich, da im Rahmen öffentlich-medialer Kommunikation die Diskussionsfronten zwischen beiden Verbandsgruppen als verhärtet dargestellt werden. Die Analyse der Aussagen der qualitativen Interviewreihe dieser Studie erlaubt die begründete Annahme, dass beide Verbandsgruppen mit den Themenkomplexen Anbindehaltung und Weidehaltung in einem wissenschaftlich orientierten Kommunikationskontext differenziert umgehen. Eine klare Polarisierung der Einstellungen zwischen beiden Verbandsgruppen war im Rahmen dieser Gesprächsformen nicht wahrnehmbar.
Die Expertenstandards des DNQP haben sich als wichtiges Qualitätsinstrument in der Pflege etabliert und sind weit verbreitet. Wenig diskutiert sind Ansätze zur Untersuchung ihrer Wirksamkeit. In diesem Beitrag werden – ausgehend von der Untersuchung der Wirksamkeit des Expertenstandards zur Erhaltung und Förderung der Mobilität – Anforderungen an die Untersuchung der Wirksamkeit von Expertenstandards formuliert. Die Intention und Methodik von Expertenstandards werden dabei als Programm verstanden. Aufbauend auf einer Darstellung wesentlicher Aspekte von Programmen und Programmtheorien werden Hinweise zum Ausmaß und zu den Dimensionen von Evaluationsstrategien aufgezeigt und anhand von sieben Ebenen der Effektmessung konkretisiert. Um Aussagen darüber treffen zu können, warum die Arbeit mit Expertenstandards zu Ergebnissen geführt hat oder gesetzte Ziele nicht erreichen konnte, ist eine umfassend angelegte Evaluationsstrategie erforderlich.
Ziel: Ausgehend von der wachsenden Bedeutung der Krankenkassen als Anspruchsgruppe („Stakeholder”) des Krankenhauses steht die Frage nach den Anforderungen und dem Nutzen eines kassenorientierten Krankenhausmanagements im Mittelpunkt dieses Artikels. Methode: Die methodische Herangehensweise nimmt die Perspektive des Stakeholders Krankenkassen zum Ausgangspunkt: Mit 14 leitenden MitarbeiterInnen verschiedener gesetzlicher Krankenversicherungen wurden offene Leitfadeninterviews geführt und in Anlehnung an die von Mayring ausgearbeitete Technik der „zusammenfassenden Inhaltsanalyse” ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Nach Einschätzung der befragten Kassenakteure bestehen im Rahmen des hoch regulierten Verhältnisses zwischen Krankenkasse und Krankenhaus Spielräume für eine aktive Gestaltung der Austauschbeziehungen. Es werden fünf Anforderungsbereiche - Leistungserbringung, Leistungsentwicklung, Fallführung, Umgang mit strittigen Fällen/Prüfungen und Budgetverhandlungen - unterschieden, welche für die Anspruchsgruppe Krankenkassen von grundlegender Bedeutung sind. Auf der Basis des Interviewmaterials werden für jeden dieser Bereiche zentrale Anforderungsdimensionen identifiziert. Der unternehmerische Nutzen, den ein Krankenhaus durch die Berücksichtigung von Kassenanforderungen erzielen kann, wird von der Mehrzahl der InterviewpartnerInnen positiv beurteilt. Konkrete Nutzenaspekte werden vorgestellt. Schlussfolgerungen: Der Artikel stellt kassenspezifische Anforderungen vor und zeigt Handlungsansätze für das Krankenhausmanagement auf. Das einzelne Krankenhaus ist gefordert, den Nutzen einer kassennahen Gestaltung der Austauschbeziehungen vor dem Hintergrund unternehmensspezifischer Strategien und Ziele abzuwägen.
Anmerkung: Eintragung des Haftungsausschlusses einer Partnerschaft bei GmbH-Geschäftsfortführung
(2015)
Die Entwicklungsrichtung ist eindeutig: Im Wintersemester 2017/2018 waren bereits 2,8 Mio.
Studierende an 428 Hochschulen in Deutschland eingeschrieben. Im Zehn-Jahres-Vergleich
bedeutet das einen Zuwachs von gut 46% – Tendenz steigend. Für 2016 wurden bundesweit
385 Haupt- und 234 Sub-Standorte ermittelt, mehr als eine Verfünffachung gegenüber 1991
(Hüning et al. 2017). Für Städte sind Studierende eine immer wichtiger werdende Akteurs-
gruppe: Sie beleben und verjüngen die Stadt, wirken teilweise als kreative Raumpioniere in
Innenstädten oder benachteiligten Quartieren, können das Image der Stadt positiv beein-
flussen und sind nicht zuletzt eine relevante wirtschaftliche Einnahmequelle.
Abstract
Background
The clinical presentation of neck-arm pain is heterogeneous with varying underlying pain types (nociceptive/neuropathic/mixed) and pain mechanisms (peripheral/central sensitization). A mechanism-based clinical framework for spinally referred pain has been proposed, which classifies into (1) somatic pain, (2) neural mechanosensitivity, (3) radicular pain, (4) radiculopathy and mixed pain presentations. This study aims to (i) investigate the application of the clinical framework in patients with neck-arm pain, (ii) determine their somatosensory, clinical and psychosocial profile and (iii) observe their clinical course over time.
Method
We describe a study protocol. Patients with unilateral neck-arm pain (n = 180) will undergo a clinical examination, after which they will be classified into subgroups according to the proposed clinical framework. Standardized quantitative sensory testing (QST) measurements will be taken in their main pain area and contralateral side. Participants will have to complete questionnaires to assess function (Neck Disability Index), psychosocial factors (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Depression, anxiety and stress scale), neuropathic pain (Douleur Neuropathique 4 Questions, PainDETECT Questionnaire) and central sensitization features (Central Sensitization Inventory). Follow-ups at three, six and 12 months include the baseline questionnaires. The differences of QST data and questionnaire outcomes between and within groups will be analyzed using (M)AN(C)OVA and/or regression models. Repeated measurement analysis of variance or a linear mixed model will be used to calculate the differences between three, six, and 12 months outcomes. Multiple regression models will be used to analyze potential predictors for the clinical course.
Conclusion
The rationale for this study is to assess the usability and utility of the proposed clinical framework as well as to identify possible differing somatosensory and psychosocial phenotypes between the subgroups. This could increase our knowledge of the underlying pain mechanisms. The longitudinal analysis may help to assess possible predictors for pain persistency.
Applications of pulsed electric fields for processing potatoes: Examples and equipment design
(2022)
In the last two decades, pulsed electric fields (PEF) have successfully been introduced into the food industry, as one of the most promising and "game changing" technologies. This review is devoted to the recent applications of pulsed electric fields used in processing potatoes. The potato processing market size was estimated to be ca. USD 24.83 billion (2018) and with an annual growth rate of 5.2%. The physicochemical characteristics of potatoes and the specificity of potato processing lines makes a pulsed electric field very versatile and flexible allowing one to achieve different technological aims by its implementation into technological lines. In this paper, a short analysis of the potato structure and its nutritional properties, applications of moderate electric fields, ohmic heating, and pulsed electric fields are presented. Moreover, the basic electroporation effects, metabolic responses, texture modification and different PEF assisted processes applied to the potato are discussed. Finally, some examples of commercial applications and a brief description of the available equipment for the PEF processing of potatoes are presented.
Despite the high significance of the Western Siberian grain belt for crop production in Russia, its weed communities are largely unknown. In this region spring wheat is grown on fertile Chernozem soils with large field sizes but land-use intensity per area is low compared to Central Europe. By usin a randomized sampling design we studied arable weed assemblages in the northern forest-steppe zone of Tyumen region on 99 within-field sampling plots of 100 m² size. Surprisingly, with average of 9.8 ± 3.8 species 100 m-2 species richness was low when compared with low-input farming in Central Europe and did not differ between areas of different land-use intensity. Against expectations species composition was not predominantly controlled by soil characteristics and climate, most likely due to short natural gradients. Instead, management factors such as fertilization and tillage intensity seemed to be important factors. Except for two species the Tyumen weed flora consisted mainly of species that are widespread throughout the temperate zone. We found only 10 species with an origin or core area in North Asia or Eastern Europe. The species pool was generally small and with 26% the proportion of non-native spe cies (archaeophytes) was low, when compared to Central European weed communities. Given that weed communities with higher species richness are described from neighboring Bashkiria, we conclude that arable land-use intensity in Tyumen region is high enough to reduce community species richness within arable fields estimated by a randomized sampling design. Since measured soil nutrient values did not affect species richness, herbicide use is most likely the crucial management factor. Furthermore, species-richness was vitally restricted by the small species pool. The low proportion of thermophilous arable weed species that originate from the Mediterranean or Middle-Eastern area and contribute signif icantly to the Central European weed diversity indicate that climatic dispersal limitations may be re sponsible for the small number of weed species in the Tyumen flora. An additional constraint was the short history of arable farming in Western Siberia, where considerable arable land use was started only by the end of the 17th century.
Der Begriff Arbeiten 4.0 umschreibt die fortschreitende Digitalisierung der Wirtschaft, aus dem
vielfältige Impulse und Veränderungen für den Arbeitsmarkt hervorgehen. IT-Zukunftsthemen
wie z.B. Industrie 4.0, Internet der Dinge, Big Data und Cloud Computing erfordern dabei neue
Kompetenzen von Mitarbeitern.
In der Literatur und der unternehmerischen Praxis wurde bislang nur unzureichend berücksichtigt, inwiefern die zur Digitalisierung benötigten Kompetenzen auch dem Leitbild einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung entsprechen. So verspricht die Digitalisierung von Unternehmensprozessen und Wertschöpfungsketten zukünftig ein potenziell maßgebliches Instrumentarium zur Erreichung von Nachhaltigkeitszielen zu werden.
Daher geht die vorliegende Untersuchung der Fragestellung nach, inwieweit die Digitalisierung
von mittelständischen Unternehmen als ein relevanter Treiber für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung
wahrgenommen und reflektiert wird. Zu diesem Zweck werden die Ergebnisse einer explorativen Stellenanzeigenanalyse vorgelegt, mit der 23.696 Stellenanzeigen aus Jobportalen für Stellenausschreibungen aus dem deutschen Mittelstand untersucht worden sind. Im Zuge der Analyse ist ermittelt worden, welche Bedeutung die beiden forschungsleitenden Konzepte der nachhaltigen Entwicklung und Digitalisierung derzeit am Arbeitsmarkt besitzen und welche Berufsbilder in diesem Umfeld nachgefragt werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Leitbild einer
nachhaltigen Entwicklung bei Personalbeschaffungsmaßnahmen nur von geringer Bedeutung
ist, aber in diesem Zusammenhang insbesondere technisch-entwicklungsorientierte sowie betriebswirtschaftlich-managementorientierte Berufsbilder gesucht werden.
Die Arbeit ist das Teilergebnis einer Forschungsgruppe, die sich im Rahmen eines von der
„Deutschen Bundesstiftung für Umwelt (DBU)“ geförderten Projekts mit der Digitalisierung
der mittelständischen Wirtschaft beschäftigt.
Eine von Mitbestimmung und Eigenverantwortung geprägte Arbeitsatmosphäre in der Klinik erhöht die Arbeitszufriedenheit bei Hebammen im Kreißsaal. Zu diesem Ergebnis kommt die Erstautorin in ihrer Masterarbeit an der Hochschule Osnabrück. Doch wie kann das Klinikmanagement beeinflussen, ob Mitarbeiter ihren Arbeitsplatz positiv erleben? Die vorliegende Studie ermittelt wichtige Einflussfaktoren und formuliert konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen.
Are natural floods accelerators for streambank vegetationdevelopment in floodplain restoration?
(2021)
Riverbanks are very dynamic habitats for riparian vegetation strongly influenced byfluvial and geomorphic processes. This habitat type was severely reduced in the pastby river straightening and bank stabilisation. Restoration and establishment of newfloodplain streams promote this habitat, but a directed succession to later stages wasobserved many times. Our study aimed to analyse whether the often observeddirected succession of the streambank vegetation after restoration implementationcould be reversed by a natural flood along a newly created floodplain stream. Weinvestigated the effects of a natural flood in 2013 and different prerestorationconditions on species development in the riparian zone. Vegetation was studiedalong 12 transects in four different sections from 2011 to 2014. Species composi-tion differed strongly between the sections. Species richness was lowest in a newlydug steep section with high morphological dynamics and highest on wider flatstreambanks. Changes during the years reflecting different hydrological eventsvaried between sections. The high natural flood in 2013 reduced the cover of theherb layer and increased bare ground, which led in most sections to a loss of non-target species. Total target species richness did not change due to the natural flood,while target species showed a high turnover rate. In the following year, however,the flood‐induced development of species composition, in general, was reversed.Natural floods changed abiotic and biotic conditions along the streambank, but theydid not accelerate ecological restoration towards predefined target ecosystems.However, they were necessary to preserve the needed dynamic vegetation changesand species turnover to hinder the succession to later stages dominated by a fewspecies. Our study shows that riparian vegetation near the streambank can bemonitored most effectively in cross‐profile transects, both in the long‐term andevent‐related.
In the past few years, studies have been carried out to record and analyse the consumer behaviour of manual dishwashing. Manual dishwashing in households is performed in many ways that influence the use of resources. Furthermore, knowledge has been gained on the basis of experiments on how to optimize the use of resources in manual dishwashing. Optimization here means achieving the best possible cleaning performance with a minimum input of resources. This experimental knowledge, combined with the experience of everyday life, was transferred into Best Practice Tips.
The aim of this study is to verify whether it is possible to save resources while applying these Best Practice Tips in comparison with the consumers' previous behaviour.
In a laboratory study, 53 consumers from Europe (23 Germans, 30 other Europeans) were asked to apply the Best Practice Tips while washing up 12 place settings of dishes. The data gained were compared with that of previous studies recording consumers' everyday behaviour while washing up the same amount of dishes. The sample consisted of 113 European consumers and the sample of the second study consisted of 60 Europeans.
On average, the 53 test participants applying the Best Practice Tips used around 60% less water, 70% less energy and 30% less detergent compared with the average everyday behaviour the other subjects used. Additionally, they achieved a slightly better cleaning result. An evaluation questionnaire showed that the Best Practice Tips were, in general, highly accepted; however, some concerns were given about their exact application in everyday life. Because of the wide variation of washing-up habits and resource consumption among individuals, the confidence intervals of the studies are rather large. The results should therefore be seen as tendencies on how resource savings are possible when people are trained how to optimize resources in manual dishwashing. Nevertheless, this study should be the basis for further ones in which the learning is verified in everyday life and over a longer period of time.
Objectives:
The purpose of this study was to determine the motor function of the abdominal muscles in singers with and without functional voice disorders and to examine them for possible differences. Additionally, the breathing behaviour and posture control was investigated.
Study Design
Observational study.
Methods:
Female subjects (n = 20) with differing levels of professional competence were used to provide the data for analysis. By using the Singing Voice Handicap Index (SVHI) the grade of dysphonia could be measured, and the subjects were organized in groups. The change of muscle thickness of the M. transversus abdominis (TVA) and the M. obliquus internus abdominis (OIA) during different singing tasks was measured by using ultrasound. The subjects were then asked to perform the Abdominal Hollowing Test (AHT) with the STABILIZER. Finally, the subjects were all filmed while singing. The videos recordings of the singing sessions were analysed by an independent clinical expert regarding breathing and secondary motor activities (SMA). For the statistical analysis, the Mann-Whitney-U Test and the Chi-Square-Test was mainly used.
Results:
The results showed a significantly thinner TVA in the group with dysphonia in comparison to the group without dysphonia. Ultrasound measurements showed significantly higher changes of muscle thickness of the TVA during singing tasks in the group with dysphonia. Regarding the AHT there was a significant difference between the two groups. The group with dysphonia was not able to increase the pressure by 15mmHg. Furthermore, the healthy subjects demonstrated abdominal breathing, while the group with dysphonia present with thoracic breathing. Additionally, it was noted that the subjects with dysphonia showed a higher level of associated movements especially at and/or on the lumbar spine, cervical spine and the left arm and shoulder.
Conclusion:
Differences in TVA-recruitment, breathing behaviour and secondary motor activities while singing were found. This study sparks new ideas for neuromusculoskeletal assessments and therapy.
Key Words
Transversus abdominis, Abdominal muscles, Dysphonia, Ultrasound, Singing voice, Singers
Von 2010 bis 2014 wurden im Rahmen
des Projekts „ProSaum“ Verfahren zur
Wiederansiedlung arten- und blütenreicher Säume und Feldraine mit gebietsheimischem Wildpflanzensaatgut entwickelt. Für die standortangepassten
Saatmischungen wurden einheimische
Pflanzenarten ausgewählt, die typisch für
alte artenreiche Feldraine und mesophile
Saumgesellschaften im Raum Osnabrück
sind. Die Ergebnisse eines Blockversuchs und weiterer Versuche auf Landschaftsebene zeigen, dass es möglich
ist, artenreiche Säume und Feldraine
durch Ansaat in Kombination mit sorgfältiger Bodenbearbeitung und Entwicklungspflege wiederherzustellen. Aus den
Ergebnissen werden Empfehlungen für
die Standortauswahl, Bodenbearbeitung,
Ansaat und Pflege abgeleitet.
Die Landwirtschaft ist ein Wirtschaftszweig mit massiven Auswirkungen auf die biologische und agrobiodiverse Vielfalt. Nachhaltige Ernährung ist ein entscheidender politischer Hebel und eine realistische Chance, die Umweltauswirkungen des Agrar- und Ernährungssektors zu verringern und gleichzeitig die menschliche Gesundheit zu verbessern. Auswärts essen ist für viele Verbraucher eine immer häufiger anzutreffende Gewohnheit, und indem sie nachhaltige Gerichte anbieten, können Catering-Unternehmen eine zentrale Rolle spielen. Dazu müssen sie die Nachhaltigkeit ihres Lebensmittelangebots verstehen und richtig einschätzen können, aber es gibt noch keine gut etablierten Bewertungsinstrumente. Im Rahmen des NAHGAST-Projekts, zu dem diese Studie gehörte, wurde ein Instrument zur Bewertung der Nachhaltigkeit für Catering-Unternehmen entwickelt und getestet, das auf konkreten, pro Mahlzeit definierten Zielen basiert. Diese Studie befasst sich mit dem Mangel an Methoden zur Bewertung der Auswirkungen von Lebensmitteln auf die biologische Vielfalt, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf der Agrobiodiversität liegt. Die Arbeit veranschaulicht eine kontextspezifische Anwendung eines erweiterten DPSIR-Modells zur Strukturierung von Informationen und Auswahl von Indikatoren und schlägt eine transdisziplinäre Nutzung bestehender Messgrößen vor. Weitere Forschungsarbeiten sind erforderlich, um wissenschaftlich fundierte Zielwerte oder Nachhaltigkeitsspannen für jeden Indikator pro Mahlzeit zu definieren, damit diese berechnet werden können.
Die Stärken und Grenzen der Studie werden diskutiert.
The management of patients experiencing chronic orofacial pain is a great challenge, due to the complexity of chronic pain itself, combined with an increased peripheral sensitization in the craniofacial itself. Therefore, patients with orofacial pain may present a clear distortion of the somatorepresentation after some time. In this review, the authors develop a neurophysiological explanation of orofacial distortion, as well as propose assessment and treatment options, based on scarcely available scientific evidence and their own clinical experience. The assessments of facial somatosensory, cognitive-affective and motor dysfunctions are crucial to establish the most accurate treatment; the assessment tools are described in the article. Two-point discrimination, laterality recognition and emotion recognition are altered in patients with orofacial pain. Other sensorimotor assessment tools, such as motor acuity and auditory acuity, are also explained. Finally, the authors review their treatment proposals, based on the integration of brain training techniques and biobehavioral interventions. Somatosensory reintegration (tactile acuity training), facial emotion recognition, movement representation techniques, orofacial motor training and therapeutic patient education are explained in detail, and this may challenge new directions in rehabilitation and research.
Beratung leistet einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Stärkung und Stabilisierung der häuslichen Pflege. Ein geeignetes Instrument zur Unterstützung einer systematischen Situationsanalyse und zur Erfassung des Beratungsbedarfes kann die Qualität der Beratung verbessern und auf ein einheitliches Niveau heben. Auf Basis einer systematischen Literaturrecherche werden in diesem Beitrag acht Assessmentinstrumente vorgestellt, die für die Beratungsangebote nach SGB XI in Frage kommen. Dabei zeigt sich Entwicklungsbedarf für ein Instrument, welches die Besonderheiten des intrapersonalen Beratungsprozesses berücksichtigt und unabhängig vom gesetzlich definierten Beratungsanlass zum Einsatz kommen kann.
Background/Aim
This study aimed to establish the somatosensory profile of patients with lumbar radiculopathy at pre-and post-microdiscectomy and to explore any association between pre-surgical quantitative sensory test (QST) parameters and post-surgical clinical outcomes.
Methods
A standardized QST protocol was performed in 53 patients (mean age 38 ± 11 years, 26 females) with unilateral L5/S1 radiculopathy in the main pain area (MPA), affected dermatome and contralateral mirror sites and in age- and gender-,and body site-matched healthy controls. Repeat measures at 3 months included QST, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and numerous other clinical measures; at 12 months, only clinical measures were repeated. A change <30% on the ODI was defined as ‘no clinically meaningful improvement’.
Results
Patients showed a significant loss of function in their symptomatic leg both in the dermatome (thermal, mechanical, vibration detection p < .002), and MPA (thermal, mechanical, vibration detection, mechanical pain threshold, mechanical pain sensitivity p < .041) and increased cold sensitivity in the MPA (p < .001). Pre-surgical altered QST parameters improved significantly post-surgery in the dermatome (p < .018) in the symptomatic leg and in the MPA (p < .010), except for thermal detection thresholds and cold sensitivity. Clinical outcomes improved at 3 and 12 months (p < .001). Seven patients demonstrated <30% change on the ODI at 12 months. Baseline loss of function in mechanical detection in the MPA was associated with <30% change on the ODI at 12 months (OR 2.63, 95% CI 1.09–6.37, p = .032).
Conclusion
Microdiscectomy resulted in improvements in affected somatosensory parameters and clinical outcomes. Pre-surgical mechanical detection thresholds may be predictive of clinical outcome.
Significance
This study documented quantitative sensory testing (QST) profiles in patients with lumbar radiculopathy in their main pain area (MPA) and dermatome pre- and post-microdiscectomy and explored associations between QST parameters and clinical outcome. Lumbar radiculopathy was associated with loss of function in modalities mediated by large and small sensory fibres. Microdiscectomy resulted in significant improvements in loss of function and clinical outcomes in 85% of our cohort. Pre-surgical mechanical detection thresholds in the MPA may be predictive of clinical outcome.
Atopic dermatitis, STAT3- and DOCK8-hyper-IgE syndromes differ in IgE-based sensitization pattern
(2014)
Attitudes Concerning Postmortem Organ Donation : A Multicenter Survey in Various German Cohorts
(2015)
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to characterize postmortem organ donation attitudes in various German cohorts.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Employees of 2 German cities and 2 German university hospitals, employees of a German automobile enterprise, and members of a German Medical Society were administered a questionnaire about postmortem organ and tissue donation attitudes. Demographic data and general attitudes were questioned and focused on: I) willingness to donate organs, II) holding a donor card, and III) having discussed the topic with the family.
RESULTS
Of 5291 participants, 65.2% reported favoring postmortem organ donation. Missing negative experiences, the idea that donation is helpful, a non-medical professional environment, excellent general health, gender, agreement with the brain-death paradigm, and age significantly influenced the participants’ attitudes. Participants were more likely to possess donor cards and had discussed more often with family members if they agreed with the brain-death paradigm and considered donation to be helpful. Males and older participants were the most likely to neglect donor cards, and Catholics, Protestants, and participants with poor health were the least likely to donate organs. Interest in receiving more information was expressed by 38.1% and 50.6% of participants refusing donation of all or of specific organs, respectively, and suggested the internet (60.0%) and family doctors (35.0%) as preferred sources of information.
CONCLUSIONS
Public campaigns in Germany should focus on males and older people as regards donor cards, and females, younger, and religiously affiliated persons as regards the general willingness to donate organs postmortem.
Purpose:
To analyse the willingness for postmortem cornea donation in Germany.
Methods:
Employees in two cities (UKM, UKS), and university hospitals (STM, STE), members of the German Ophthalmological Society (DOG), and employees of an automobile company (BO) participated in a questionnaire about postmortem cornea donation attitudes. The questionnaire consisted of demographic items, motives concerning postmortem cornea donation, general attitudes toward donation, and questions concerning the perceived needs for information about donation. The statistical analyses included logistic regression with the target parameter of 'willingness to donate cornea postmortem'.
Results:
Of the participants, 67.7 % (UKM, UKS), 70.9 % (STM, STE), 70.8 % (BO), and 79.4 % (DOG) declared their intention to donate their corneas postmortem. Younger age (p < 0.001), poorer general health (p < 0.05), faith in an eternal life (p < 0.05), disagreement with brain death diagnostics (p < 0.001), fear of receiving worse medical treatment (p < 0.001), and fear of the commercialization of organs (p < 0.001) were found to be risk factors for a negative attitude toward postmortem cornea. The majority of participants (57.4 %) indicated that additional information about donation would be appreciated, and the internet (69.9 %) was considered the most appropriate means for conveying this information.
Conclusions:
Emotional items were revealed to be the most relevant factors influencing the willingness to donate cornea postmortem, which may be counteracted by means of public education. The relatively low willingness among the medical staff contrasts with previous observations in a professional ophthalmologic society.
In einer Online-Befragung sehen 256 Personen einen Film, in dem ein Einstellungsinterview dargestellt wird. Die Probanden sollen sich in die Rolle des Bewerbers versetzen und nach dem Interview die fachliche Professionalität sowie die soziale Kompetenz des Interviewers einschätzen. Zudem bewerten sie die Attraktivität des einstellenden Unternehmens. Dabei befinden sich die Probanden in einem Experiment, bei dem sowohl die physische Attraktivität des Interviewers (unattraktiv vs. attraktiv) sowie dessen Geschlecht (weiblich vs. männlich) variieren. Die dritte unabhängige Variable stellt das Geschlecht der Probanden dar. Eine multivariate, multifaktorielle Varianzanalyse zu diesem 2x2x2-Design ergibt einen Haupteffekt der Attraktivität des Interviewers. Demnach werden attraktive Interviewer als fachlich professioneller und sozial kompetenter erlebt. Überdies erscheint den Bewerbern das einstellende Unternehmen positiver. Männliche Probanden unterliegen in Bezug auf die Einschätzung der fachlichen Professionalität diesem Effekt stärker als weibliche Probanden. Weibliche Probanden zeigen demgegenüber einen ingoup bias und bewerten weibliche Interviewer hinsichtlich der fachlichen Professionalität positiver als männliche Interviewer. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf ihre Implikationen für das Personalmarketing diskutiert.
Auch weitgehende Beschränkung von Geschäftsführerkompetenzen verstößt nicht gegen Anstellungsvertrag
(2012)
Aus der Praxis und für die Praxis : Entwicklung von pflegedidaktisch reflektierten Transferaufgaben
(2019)
Mit dem Start von primärqualifizierenden Pflegestudiengängen stehen die Hochschulen und die Pflegepraxis vor Herausforderungen, in denen die Vernetzung von Praxis und Theorie besondere Bedeutung hat. Pflegepraxis und akademisches Pflegewissen stehen im Besonderen dialektisch, in ihrer wechselseitigen Dynamik, im Mittelpunkt der Diskussion.
Familienmitglieder sind zwar mit der fortgeschrittenen Brustkrebserkrankung von Frauen konfrontiert, jedoch sind sie auf andere Art und Weise betroffen, als die Patientinnen selbst. Die vorliegende Literaturstudie geht den Fragen nach, welchen Einfluss eine fortgeschrittene Brustkrebserkrankung auf das Familienleben hat, welche Bedürfnisse in Familien in diesem Zusammenhang entstehen und auf welche Ressourcen die Familien zurückgreifen. Die hier dargelegten Studien stellen die einzelnen Perspektiven eines – oder zweier Familienmitglieder dar, jedoch ist eine tiefergehende Reflexion über andere Personen, die an dem Prozess beteiligt sind, nur bedingt möglich. Allerdings verweisen die vorhandenen Ergebnisse darauf, dass die Krankheit eine dauerhafte Bedrohung für die betroffenen Familien darstellt. Der Umgang mit dieser Bedrohung in der Gegenwart und seine Projektion in die Zukunft, ist eines der wichtigsten Themen, mit denen sich die Familien konfrontiert sehen.
Der Beitrag skizziert Ergebnisse eines vom Kommunalverband für Jugend und Soziales Baden-Württemberg geförderten Forschungsprojektes zu den Auswirkungen des Ausbaus der Ganztagsschule auf die Kinder- und Jugendhilfe in Baden-Württemberg. Das Forschungsteam von der Hochschule Osnabrück und vom Institut für soziale Arbeit e.V. Münster führten im Zeitraum von 2010-2013 Befragungen an allen dortigen Jugendämtern sowie stichprobenartig bei freien Trägern durch und nahmen die Leistungsfelder der Kinder- und Jugendarbeit, Tagesbetreuung für Schulkinder sowie Hilfe zur Erziehung in den Blick. Die AutorInnen skizzieren erste zentrale Ergebnisse mit Blick auf die Hilfen zur Erziehung und entwerfen schließlich ableitbare Entwicklungsthemen dieses Jugendhilfesektors.
Die Realisierung ökonomischer Gleichgewichte wird möglich sein, wenn eine einfache Regel zur Berechnung des Gleichgewichts gegeben ist und einige Grundlagen des Rechungswesens geändert werden. Erstens ist es besser, den Namen des betriebliches Rechnungswesen in Unternehmensrechnung zu ändern. Unternehmensrechnung sollte zwei Teile haben: interne und externe Unternehmensrechnung. Die interne Rechnungslegung sollte aus drei Teilen bestehen: Betriebsrechnung, Geschäftsrechnung und Führungsrechnung. Die Teile der Unternehmensrechnung sind also gleich den Teilen eines Unternehmens. Zweitens ist es notwendig, eine gute Definition der Kosten zu finden. Diese Definition gibt es bereits. Das einzige Problem ist die Definition von betriebsfremdem, periodenfremdem und außerordentlichem Aufwand als neutraler Aufwand. Dieser Aufwand sollte als Kosten bezeichnet werden und in der Kosten- und Leistungsrechnung verbucht werden. Drittens ist es wichtig, eine gleichwertige Lösung für die Berechnung des Einkommens des Unternehmers für alle Arten von Unternehmen zu finden. Viertens muss eine Methode gefunden werden, die eine genaue Berechnung der Gemeinkosten sicherstellt. Fünftens müssen interne und externe Rechnungslegung integriert werden, da die Berechnung ökonomischer Gleichgewichte mit unterschiedlichen Bewertungsregeln nicht möglich ist. Und nicht zuletzt muss die Unternehmensrechnung muss schlanker gemacht werden (lean accounting). Andernfalls haben Kleinunternehmen Probleme Gleichgewichte herzustellen.