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Events are intangible services and services marketing thus plays a considerable role within event management education. The marketing mix with its “4 Ps” (product, price, promotion, place) is an essential element of many event management curricula. Most educational institutions also reflect the development (and related discussions) towards the existence of “7 Ps” – adding personnel, physical facilities and process management (Meffert/ Bruhn 2009) – or even “8 Ps” – adding physical environment, purchasing process, packaging and participation(Burke/ Resnick 2000) – within the service marketing domain.
Background
Against the background of a steadily increasing degree of digitalization in health care, a professional information management (IM) is required to successfully plan, implement, and evaluate information technology (IT). At its core, IM has to ensure a high quality of health data and health information systems to support patient care.
Objectives
The goal of the present study was to define what constitutes professional IM as a construct as well as to propose a reliable and valid measurement instrument.
Methods
To develop and validate the construct of professionalism of information management (PIM) and itsmeasurement, a stepwise approach followed an established procedure from information systems and behavioral research. The procedure included an analysis of the pertaining literature and expert rounds on the construct and the
instrument, two consecutive and comprehensive surveys at the national and international level, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses as well as reliability and validity testing.
Results
Professionalism of information management was developed as a construct consisting of the three dimensions of strategic, tactical, and operational IMas well as of the regularity and cyclical phases of IM procedures as the two elements of professionalism.
The PIM instrument operationalized the construct providing items that incorporated IM procedures along the three dimensions and cyclical phases. These procedures had to be evaluated against their degree of regularity in the instrument. The instrument proved to be reliable and valid in two consecutive measurement phases
and across three countries.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that professionalism of information management is a meaningful construct that can be operationalized in a scientifically rigorous manner. Both science and practice can benefit from these developments in terms of improved self-assessment, benchmarking capabilities, and eventually, obtaining a better understanding of health IT maturity.
Background
Diabetes mellitus is a major global health issue with a growing prevalence. In this context, the number of diabetic complications is also on the rise, such as diabetic foot ulcers (DFU), which are closely linked to the risk of lower extremity amputation (LEA). Statistical prediction tools may support clinicians to initiate early tertiary LEA prevention for DFU patients. Thus, we designed Bayesian prediction models, as they produce transparent decision rules, quantify uncertainty intuitively and acknowledge prior available scientific knowledge.
Method
A logistic regression using observational collected according to the standardised PEDIS classification was utilised to compute the six-month amputation risk of DFU patients for two types of LEA: 1.) any-amputation and 2.) major-amputation. Being able to incorporate information which is available before the analysis, the Bayesian models were fitted following a twofold strategy. First, the designed prediction models waive the available information and, second, we incorporated the a priori available scientific knowledge into our models. Then, we evaluated each model with respect to the effect of the predictors and validity of the models. Next, we compared the performance of both models with respect to the incorporation of prior knowledge.
Results
This study included 237 patients. The mean age was 65.9 (SD 12.3), and 83.5% were male. Concerning the outcome, 31.6% underwent any- and 12.2% underwent a major-amputation procedure. The risk factors of perfusion, ulcer extent and depth revealed an impact on the outcomes, whereas the infection status and sensation did not. The major-amputation model using prior information outperformed the uninformed counterpart (AUC 0.765 vs AUC 0.790, Cohen’s d 2.21). In contrast, the models predicting any-amputation performed similarly (0.793 vs 0.790, Cohen’s d 0.22).
Conclusions
Both of the Bayesian amputation risk models showed acceptable prognostic values, and the major-amputation model benefitted from incorporating a priori information from a previous study. Thus, PEDIS serves as a valid foundation for a clinical decision support tool for the prediction of the amputation risk in DFU patients. Furthermore, we demonstrated the use of the available prior scientific information within a Bayesian framework to establish chains of knowledge.
Objectives
The aim of this Delphi survey was to establish an international consensus on the most useful outcome measures for research on the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for migraine. This is important, since guidelines for pharmacological trials recommend measuring the frequency of headaches with 50% reduction considered a clinically meaningful effect. It is unclear whether the same recommendations apply to complementary (or adjunct) non-pharmacological approaches, whether the same cut-off levels need to be considered for effectiveness when used as an adjunct or stand-alone intervention, and what is meaningful to patients.
Setting
University-initiated international survey.
Participants
The expert panel was chosen based on publications on non-pharmacological interventions in migraine populations and from personal contacts. 35 eligible researchers were contacted, 12 agreed to participate and 10 completed all 3 rounds of the survey. To further explore how migraine patients viewed potential outcome measures, four migraine patients were interviewed and presented with the same measurement tools as the researchers.
Procedures
The initial Delphi round was based on a systematic search of the literature for outcome measures used in non-pharmacological interventions for headache. Suggested outcome measures were rated by each expert, blinded towards the other members of the panel, for its usefulness on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from definitely not useful to extremely useful. Results were combined using median values and IQRs. Tools rated overall as definitely or probably not useful were excluded from subsequent rounds. Experts further suggested additional outcome measures that were presented to the panel in subsequent rounds. Additionally, experts were asked to rank the most useful tools and provide information on feasible cut-off levels for effectiveness for the three highest ranked tools.
Results
Results suggest the use of the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS), Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) and headache frequency as primary outcome measures. Patient experts suggested the inclusion of a measure of quality of life and evaluation of associated symptoms and fear of attacks.
Conclusions
Recommendations are for the use of the MIDAS, the HIT-6 and headache frequency, in combination with an outcome measure for quality of life. Associated symptoms and fear of attacks should also be considered as secondary outcomes, if relevant for the individual target population. The cut-off level for effectiveness should be lower for non-pharmacological interventions, especially when used as an adjunct to medication.
Background: Pancreatic cancer is one of the malignant diseases with the highest cancer-specific mortality. At the time of diagnosis, life expectancy is often already very limited, as it is usually discovered late and in an advanced stage. Coping with cancer is a complex process. Coping strategies of patients with pancreatic cancer probably differ from those of other malignancies. Yet to date, there exists no pancreatic cancer-specific coping model.
Objective: The objective of this scoping review is to explore and characterize the academic literature related to coping processes in patients with pancreatic cancer.
Methods/Design: The JBI's three-step search strategy, combined with the Arksey and O'Malley framework, will be used to identify articles via PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, CAMbase, CareLit, CC Med, Scopus, and PsycARTICLES (Arksey & O'Malley, 2005; Peters et al., 2017). It follows the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews (Tricco et al., 2018). Primary and secondary studies and reviews which report on coping with pancreatic cancer (adenocarcinoma) in adults in English or German language will be included in this scoping review, regardless of publication date or study design.
Discussion: This scoping review will add new insights on coping with pancreatic cancer by summarizing current knowledge, and identifying research
The location of manufacturing is operationally and strategically important for multinational companies. The spatial dispersion of manufacturing is determined by firm-specific as well as external factors, both of which are subject to constant change. After decades of offshoring production, the paper uses interview data from UK high value manufacturing companies to explore the recent phenomenon of reshoring and the strategic and operational effects of manufacturing location. The analyses show that concentrating manufacturing in home countries enables firms to increase organizational agility and stimulate innovation. However, under certain conditions, firms also continue benefiting from the known advantages of offshoring. This underlines that there is no universal recommendation for improving competitiveness by a certain spatial configuration of manufacturing. Instead, firms need to consider their specific markets, competitive context, and capabilities when strategizing manufacturing location."
Management accounting
(2020)
Management Accounting is written for students in international Business Management study programs. It covers the widely applied syllabus of Cost Accounting and Management Accounting at universities on bachelor’s and master’s level. The book is based on more than 20 years’ academic teaching experience in Germany and at international universities in South Africa, Malaysia, China, the Netherlands and South Korea.
In this text book, the application of methods and instruments comes first. Management Accounting follows a case study based approach. All cases are taken from previous exam papers and explained in detail.
The text book starts with a case study of a manufacturing company and compares Financial Accounting to Management Accounting. It covers two point of views: (1) a General Management view, with aspects of business planning, cost-volume-profit analysis, degree of operating leverage, mergers and cross-border acquisitions and risk valuation. (2) a Cost Accounting view with Management Accounting systems, flexible budgeting, cost allocations, performance measurement and monitoring, reporting, calculation, manufacturing accounting (job order and process costing), activity based costing and multi-level contribution margin Accounting.
On the UVK website, numerous exam tasks and complete solutions thereto are available in English.
Background: In aged nursing care receivers, the prevalence of adverse skin conditions such as xerosis cutis, intertrigo, pressure ulcers or skin tears is high. Adequate skin care strategies are an effective method for maintaining and enhancing skin health and integrity in this population.
Objectives: The objective was to summarize the empirical evidence about the effects and effectiveness of non-drug topical skin care interventions to promote and to maintain skin integrity and skin barrier function in the aged, to identify outcome domains and outcome measurement instruments in this field.
Design: An update of a previous systematic review published in 2013 was conducted.
Data sources: Databases MEDLINE and EMBASE via OvidSP and CINAHL (original search January 1990 to August 2012, update September 2012 to May 2018) and reference lists were searched. Forward searches in Web of Science were conducted.
Methods: A review protocol was registered in Prospero (CRD42018100792). Main inclusion criteria were primary intervention studies reporting treatment effects of basic skin care strategies in aged people with a lower limit of age range of 50 years and published between 1990 and 2018. Primary empirical studies were included with experimental study designs including randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental designs. Methodological quality of included randomized controlled trials was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration's Tool for assessing risk of bias. Levels of evidence were assigned to all included studies.
Results: Sixty-three articles were included in the final analysis reporting effects of interventions to treat and/or to prevent skin dryness, pruritus, general skin barrier improvement, incontinence-associated dermatitis, skin tears and pressure ulcers. Skin cleansers containing syndets or amphotheric surfactants compared with standard soap and water improved skin dryness. Lipophilic leave-on products containing humectants decreased skin dryness and reduced pruritus. Products with pH 4 improved the skin barrier. Application of skin protectants and structured skin care protocols decreased the severity of incontinence-associated dermatitis. Formulations containing glycerin and petrolatum reduced the incidence of skin tears. Thirty-five outcome domains were identified with nearly 100 different outcome measurement instruments.
Conclusion: Included studies showed substantial heterogeneity regarding design, interventions and outcomes. Basic skin care strategies including low-irritating cleansers and lipophilic humectant-containing leave-on products are helpful for treating dry skin and improving skin barrier in the aged. Lower pH of leave-on products improves the skin barrier. The number of different outcome domains was unexpectedly high. We recommend to identify critical outcome domains in the field of skin care to make trial results more comparable in the future and to measure possible performance differences between different skin care strategies and products.
The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI)-18 is a widely-used tool to assess changes in general distress in patients despite an ongoing debate about its factorial structure and lack of evidence for longitudinal measurement invariance (LMI). We investigated BSI-18 scores from 1,081 patients from an outpatient clinic collected after the 2nd, 6th, 10th, 18th, and 26th therapy session. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to compare models comprising one, three, and four latent dimensions that were proposed in the literature. LMI was investigated using a series of model comparisons, based on chi-square tests, effect sizes, and changes in comparative fit index (CFI). Psychological distress diminished over the course of therapy. A four-factor structure (depression, somatic symptoms, generalized anxiety, and panic) showed the best fit to the data at all measurement occasions. The series of model comparisons showed that constraining parameters to be equal across time resulted in very small decreases in model fit that did not exceed the cutoff for the assumption of measurement in variance. Our results show that the BSI-18 is best conceptualized as a four-dimensional tool that exhibits strict longitudinal measurement invariance. Clinicians and applied researchers do not have to be concerned about the interpretation of mean differences over time.