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Derzeit existieren wegen des Einflusses sozialer Erwünschtheit nur wenige psychologische Untersuchungen über Korruption. Die bisherige Korruptionsforschung hat sich stark auf die Ausprägung des Korruptionsniveaus gestützt und nicht den Einfluss von Kultur und der dadurch bedingten Wirkungen der Denk- und Verhaltensmuster auf das Konzept und die Ausprägung von Korruption untersucht. Dies ist die Fragestellung der vorliegenden Untersuchung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass unterschiedliche Konzepte von Korruption in Deutschland und Indonesien existieren. Das Konzept der Korruption bezieht sich auf die Frage, welche regelwidrigen Verhaltensweisen in welchem Ausmaß als korrupt bewertet werden. Dieses Korruptionskonzept ist von kulturellen Dimensionen wie Kollektivismus und Menschlichkeit abhängig, wobei diese auch innerhalb der Kulturen Varianzen aufweisen. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die methodischen Probleme der Messung von Korruption und die Schwierigkeiten der Verifizierung einer kulturübergreifenden Konstruktvalidität.
12plusEins
(2018)
Zur Erstellung einer Normwertkurve der mütterlichen Gewichtszunahme während der Schwangerschaft wurden die Daten von 1 763 063 Frauen im Zeitraum von 1995 bis 1997 analysiert. Bei einer Spannbreite der Gewichtsveränderung von - 2 kg bis + 24 kg zeigte sich eine durchschnittliche Gewichtszunahme von 13 kg. Mit diesen Ergebnissen konnten somit erstmals Perzentilkurven der mütterlichen Gewichtszunahme für Deutschland erstellt werden.
Objectives
Cervical movement impairment has been identified as a core component of cervicogenic headache evaluation. However, normal range of motion values in children has been investigated rarely and no study has reported such values for the flexion–rotation test (FRT). The purpose of this study was to identify normal values and side-to-side variation for cervical spine range of motion (ROM) and the FRT, in asymptomatic children aged 6–12 years. Another important purpose was to identify the presence of pain during the FRT.
Methods
Thirty-four asymptomatic children without history of neck pain or headache (26 females and 8 males, mean age 125.38 months [SD 13.14]) were evaluated. Cervical spine cardinal plane ROM and the FRT were evaluated by a single examiner using a cervical ROM device.
Results
Values for cardinal plane ROM measures are presented. No significant gender difference was found for any ROM measure. Mean difference in ROM for rotation, side flexion, and the FRT were less than one degree. However, intra-individual variation was greater, with lower bound scores of 9.32° for rotation, 5.30° for side flexion, and 10.89° for the FRT. Multiple linear regression analysis indicates that movement in the cardinal planes only explains 19% of the variance in the FRT. Pain scores reported following the FRT were less than 2/10.
Discussion
Children have consistently greater cervical spine ROM than adults. In children, side-to-side variation in rotation and side flexion ROM and range recorded during the FRT indicates that the clinician should be cautious when using range in one direction to determine impairment in another. Range recorded during the FRT is independent of cardinal movement variables, which further adds to the importance of the FRT, as a test that mainly evaluates range of movement of the upper cervical spine.
Currently, the treatment of musicians is an interprofessional approach. Playing-related health complaints may impact the performance of a musician. In Germany, a medical consulting hour for musicians exists, but those for athletes in sports medicine are not so common. The diagnosing and treatment procedure within the physiotherapy consultation for musicians follows a specific concept-b and requires knowledge of instruments and musician-specific complaints. Based on the consulting hour in a clinic in Osnabrueck, 614 case reports were part of this sample, of which 558 data sets were complete. The focus of the analysis is the instrument and the primary complaint. Also, the type of therapy is characterized, and the amount is calculated. Primary complaints of musicians, in general, are found most frequently in the spine and upper extremity. Musician complaints are different between instruments. Instrumentalists have a significantly higher chance to suffer from a primary complaint in the area of the upper extremity. Furthermore, the groups without an instrument (e.g., singing or dancing) are developing complaints in the anatomical area which they primarily use. Therefore, these types of therapy were used: physiotherapy, manual therapy, and osteopathy with an average of 5.9 treatment units. This study underpinned the importance of musician-specific physiotherapy as a profession to treat musicians. Also, an interdisciplinary approach is necessary to treat all aspects of complaints.