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(2018)
The present study investigates consumers’ acceptance of Se-biofortified apples, as well as Se health and nutrition claims that have been approved by the European Commission. Despite indications that such statements are more likely to be accepted if the carrier product itself has a healthy image, unprocessed fruits biofortified with Se have not been investigated in this context yet. Apples as the most frequently-consumed type of fresh fruit in Germany may offer the potential to improve the Se status of consumers when the produce is enriched with Se. Therefore, an online survey of 356 German adults was conducted to analyze different aspects that could affect the perception of and preference for the proposed product concept by consumers. The findings indicate a moderate acceptance of Se-biofortified apples, as well as of Se health and nutrition claims among the participants. Additional information about beneficial health effects of Se had a significant impact on consumer acceptance. People who regularly eat convenience food and prefer to buy apples at supermarkets were particularly attracted by the product idea. In conclusion, the results of the study indicate good prospects for a successful introduction of Se-rich apples in the German food market, if the produce is advertised with approved health and nutrition claims.
Species dispersal, establishment, and assembly are crucial stages of the life history of plants, and clear understanding ofthe governing forces and rules that shape species composition in a particular community is vital for successful ecologicalrestoration. In this article, we focus on five aspects of seed dispersal and plant establishment, which should be consideredduring habitat restoration actions. In the first two sections, we discuss the success of spontaneous dispersal and establishmenton restoration based on either spatial dispersal or local seed banks. In the third section, we assess the possibilities ofspecies introduction and assisted dispersal. In the fourth section, we introduce some possibilities for the improvement ofestablishment success of spontaneously dispersed or introduced species. Finally, we highlight issues influencing long-termpersistence and sustainability of restored habitats, related to the alteration of management type and intensity, climate change,and spread of non-native species. With the present article, we introduce the special issue entitled “Seed dispersal and soil seedbanks – promising sources for ecological restoration” containing 15 papers by 62 authors from 10 countries arranged in theabovementioned five topics.
Immer mehr Menschen essen regelmäßig außer Haus, eine rasch verfügbare und flexible Ernährung gehört zu unserem modernen Lebensstil mittlerweile einfach dazu. Den Kundinnen und Kunden ist jedoch nicht nur diese Flexibilität wichtig, sondern zunehmend auch eine hohe ökologische und gesundheitliche Qualität der Angebote. Sie wünschen sich attraktive, genussreiche und zugleich nachhaltige Speisen. Und sie wollen darauf vertrauen können, dass ihr Essen entsprechend klar definierter ökologischer und sozialer Anforderungen hergestellt wurde.
Der Schlüssel dazu sind Innovationen im Speisenangebot, bei der Beschaffung, Zubereitung, Kennzeichnung - und bei den Darbietungsformen. Die über 50 Autorinnen und Autoren dieses Buches arbeiten alle in Wissenschaft und Praxis für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung des Ernährungssystems. Hier stellen sie die im Forschungsprojekt NAHGAST und weiteren Projekten erarbeiteten Ansätze für eine nachhaltige Transformation des Außer-Haus-Marktes zur Diskussion.
Dieses Diskussionspapier skizziert Handlungsansätze für politische EntscheidungsträgerInnen zur Förderung von nachhaltigen Ernährungssystemen in Deutschland. Es basiert auf den Ergebnissen aus sechs BMBF-Projekten, die sich im Rahmen der Fördermaßnahme „Nachhaltiges Wirtschaften“ (im Rahmen der Sozial-Ökologischen Forschung SÖF) mit nachhaltiger Ernährung befassten. Die ForscherInnen definieren nachhaltige Ernährung als (a) umweltfreundlich, durch Förderung der biologischen Vielfalt sowie Wasser-, Boden- und Klimaschutz in allen Wirtschaftsbereichen, v.a. in der Landwirtschaft und durch die Reduktion von Lebensmittelverlusten. (b) gesundheitsfördernd i.S.v. körperlichen, geistigen und sozialen Wohlbefinden sowie mehr Lebensqualität. (c) ethisch verantwortlich, d.h. sozial gerecht und fair gehandelt sowie dem Tierwohl verpflichtet. (d) alltagsadäquat gestaltet, so dass sich alle KonsumentInnen mit alltäglichen Routinen nachhaltig ernähren können. (e) soziokulturelle Vielfalt ermöglichend und sozialverträglich in allen Schichten der Gesellschaft umsetzbar. (f) ökonomisch tragfähig und somit langfristig im Wettbewerb bestehend. Im Fokus der Forschung standen bei diesen Projekten vor allem gesellschafts-, umwelt- und agrarpolitische Fragen sowie Fragen zur Bedeutung und Beeinflussbarkeit von KonsumentInnenverhalten und die nachhaltige Ausgestaltung des Handlungsfeldes Umwelt-Ernährung-Gesundheit. Weiterhin wurde zur Ernährungsbildung über Lebensmittelverschwendung bis hin zu städtischen Ernährungssystemen geforscht.
Reconnection of floodplains to rivers to enhance fluvial dynamics is a favored method of floodplain restoration in Europe. It is believed that the restoration of hydrological conditions of the floodplain facilitates natural dispersal of target species, and hence the reestablishment, of typical plant communities. The aim of our study was to investigate whether floodplain target species could reach restoration sites via hydrochorous dispersal. We analyzed seed inflow from the river and seed dispersal in different sectors of a new watercourse in the Danube floodplain. Seeds were captured using 27 seed traps during three sampling periods of 3 weeks each from summer 2011 to spring 2012. After germination seedlings were identified, we detected a total of almost 39,000 seeds of 176 species, including 80 target species of riparian habitats. We found significant differences between seasons (most seeds in autumn/winter) and between stream sectors. Fewer seeds came in from the Danube (2,800 seeds) than were transported within the floodplain. Several new floodplain target species were detected, which had not been found in the aboveground vegetation or soil seed bank before the start of the restoration. Seeds of nonnative species did not disperse further than approximately 1 km. Our results indicated that hydrochorous seed dispersal from upstream habitats along the new watercourse was important for the establishment of target species and hence for the success of floodplain restoration. Technical water diversion weirs must be traversable for seeds, and small donor sectors upstream might enhance the reestablishment of target vegetation along new sectors downstream.
In urban areas, open space including brownfields often became rare due to increasing urbanisation. Urban brownfields can be important for biodiversity, but especially brownfields in early successional stages seem to be refused by urban residents due to their sparse vegetation and less aesthetic appearance. The aim of this study was to revegetate a young demolition site in the city core of Osnabrück, Germany and thereby to support native plant diversity and aesthetic values. We developed two seed mixtures of native plant species and tested them in a large-scale field experiment over two growing seasons.
Both seed mixtures developed towards structurally diverse and flower-rich vegetation. Establishment rates of sown species were consistently larger than 75%. Revegetation of the predominantly bare anthropogenically transformed soil by introduced species occurred fast. Vascular plant cover and vegetation height were higher on sown plots than in controls, but did not differ between the seed mixtures. Seeding did not increase plant species richness and did not reduce the establishment of a potentially invasive non-native plant species. The cover of Red-List species from the spontaneous vegetation was significantly higher in control plots. Our results indicate that not all aims can be reached on one restoration site. It has to be discussed if it is better to invest a restoration budget for measures aiming to increase acceptance of endangered pioneer plant species from the spontaneous vegetation or to introduce more attractive and more competitive species of later successional stages.