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Microsoft ist mit seinen Office-Anwendungen Marktführer und aus dem Leben vieler Menschen nicht mehr wegzudenken. So wäre es sinnvoll, auch zukünftig die Microsoft Office-Produkte in der öffentlichen Verwaltung weiter nutzen zu können. Die vorliegende Bachelorarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, ob Microsoft 365 als Cloud Computing-Dienst in der öffentlichen Verwaltung eingeführt werden sollte. Dabei finden die datenschutzrechtlichen Aspekte eine besondere Beachtung. Die Bachelorarbeit ist so gegliedert, dass zuerst die technischen Grundlagen erläutert und Cloud-Computing definiert wird. Als nächstes folgen in der Arbeit die verfassungsrechtlichen und datenschutzrechtlichen Grundlagen. Bei den datenschutzrechtlichen Grundlagen wird ein Fokus auf den Datenschutz in den USA, Zugriffsrechte der US-Behörden und die Angemessenheitsbeschlüsse zwischen dem Datenverkehr der EU und den USA gelegt. Als nächstes finden die datenschutzrechtlichen Kritikpunkte eine hohe Beachtung, insbesondere die der DSK. Im Anschluss werden Lösungen für die angeführten Kritikpunkten gesucht und Microsoft 365 mit anderen Office-Anwendungen auf dem Markt verglichen. In der Arbeit wird auch ein Ausblick gegeben, wie zukünftig Cloud Computing in der öffentlichen Verwaltung eingesetzt werden kann, was dazu insbesondere von der Politik geplant ist und welche Produkte zurzeit entwickelt werden. Zuletzt wird die Bachelorarbeit mit einer Handlungsempfehlung, ob und wie Microsoft 365 als Cloud Computing-Dienst genutzt werden könnte und einem Fazit der Arbeit abgeschlossen.
Additive manufacturing of CuCr1Zr demonstrates significant potential for industrial applications, particularly in the field of e-mobility. This paper describes the process chain and key factors involved. Suitable raw material for laser-based powder bed fusion can be produced via close-coupled gas atomization. Using argon at a pressure of 0.8 MPa, spherical particles of up to 200 µm can be achieved. After sieving and air separation, a particle size distribution in the range from 20 µm to 60 µm was measured. Samples manufactured using a green qcw-laser exhibit a higher microhardness of 220 HV0.1 compared to conventional CuCr1Zr or samples produced with a red cw-laser. Based to the greater geometric flexibility of additive manufacturing, internal cooling inlets can be integrated into pin contacts, significantly reducing temperature increases during the application of charging currents up to 300 A. This effect is further enhanced by applying a silver coating to the contact. After water injection, no further temperature increase is observed.
Using additive manufacturing to process precipitation-strengthened high conductive copper alloys
(2024)
The present study demonstrates a proof of principle for additive manufacturing of CuCr1Zr with alumina nanoparticles for precipitation strengthening via in-situ alloying, aimed at improving the alloy’s strength and conductivity through oxide dispersion strengthening. Gas-atomized CuCr1Zr powder was mixed with single-core and multi-core particles, produced by copper plating onto alumina nanoparticles. Furthermore, the study also investigated the effects of two functionalization ratios (1:1 and 1:10) for the single-core particles, as well as the use of different laser sources (red and green) in laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M). Key results showed that multi-core particles exhibited poor miscibility, leading to highly inhomogeneous powder beds and defective samples with a high porosity. In contrast, single-core particles maintained spherical shapes and had minimal impact on the particle size distribution, making them suitable for in-situ alloying. The use of a green laser resulted in a relative density of up to 95%, while a red laser produced defect-free samples with relative densities exceeding 99.5%. However, microhardness measurements indicated no significant improvement due to the interaction with alumina nanoparticles.
Keys to Happiness : Exploring the Determinants of Job Satisfaction in Private Schools of Afghanistan
(2024)
The main objective of this research is to analyze the determinants of job satisfaction among teachers in private schools in Afghanistan. This study utilizes the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) as its foundational framework. The investigated factors include achievement, recognition, advancement, compensation, working conditions, job security, and coworker relationships. Furthermore, job satisfaction is considered a laten variable. Data were gathered through a thoroughly structured and randomly distributed questionnaire, which included demographic information (age, gender, education, and work experience) as well as inquiries related to the research variables. The sample consisted of 206 respondents drawn from the target population. The collected data are tested for reliability and consistency before further analysis. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was employed to assess the data and derive conclusions. The findings reveal that all the examined factors significantly contribute to job satisfaction
Extremwetterereignisse wie Dürreperioden und Starkregen nehmen aufgrund des Klimawandels zu und stellen die Landwirtschaft vor Herausforderungen. Daher müssen landwirtschaftlich genutzte Böden klimaresilient werden, also u. a. möglichst gut Wasser speichern und gleichzeitig Niederschläge schnell genug infiltrieren, um Bodenerosion infolge von Starkniederschlägen zu vermeiden. Um die Böden zu schützen und dennoch eine nachhaltige Bewirtchaftung dieser zu ermöglichen, rücken reduzierte Bodenbearbeitungssysteme immer mehr in den Fokus. In dieser Arbeit wird daher der Einfluss vier verschiedener Varianten reduzierter Bodenbearbeitung auf die Klimaresilienz von landwirtschaftlich genutzten Böden im Rahmen eines Feldversuches auf einer lößgeprägten Ackerfläche in der Nähe von Ibbenbüren analysiert. Mittels Bodenproben werden eine Direktsaatvariante und drei Mulchsaatvarianten mit 8, 15 bzw. 25 cm Bearbeitungstiefe im Labor auf Aggregatstabilität und den Gehalt mikrobieller Biomasse sowie weitere Begleitparameter untersucht. Die vorangegangene Literaturrecherche zeigt, dass sich unter reduzierter Bodenbearbeitung die Klimaresilienz der untersuchten Standorte, im Sinne von höheren Aggregatstabilitäten, höheren Infiltrationsraten und vermindertem Bodenabtrag im Vergleich zu konventioneller Bearbeitung mit dem Pflug grundsätzlich verbessert. Dabei übertrifft die Direktsaat häufig die konservierende Bodenbearbeitung. Auch auf die mikrobielle Biomasse wirkt sich die reduzierte Bodenbearbeitung positiv aus, was wiederum die Aggregierung positiv beeinflusst und weitere Vorteile für die Stresstoleranz der Kulturpflanzen durch z. B. Symbiosen und funktionierende Nährstoffkreisläufe im Boden mit sich bringt. In dem Bodenbearbeitungsversuch konnten keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Varianten für die untersuchten Parameter (mit Ausnahme des N-Gesamtgehalts) festgestellt werden. Dennoch wurden insbesondere für die Aggregatstabilität positiv zu bewertende Mittelwerte zwischen 70,0 und 73,9 % ermittelt. Aufgrund des Versuchsdesigns ist jedoch eine finale Aussage über den Einfluss reduzierter Bodenbearbeitung auf die Klimaresilienz dieses Standorts mit diesem Versuch nicht möglich. Die Literatur zeigt, dass letztlich die Kombination aus einer stabilen Bodenstruktur, einem aktiven Bodenleben und ausreichender Bodenbedeckung auf die Klimaresilienz eines landwirtschaftlich genutzten Bodens einspielen. Der Erfolg einer bestimmten Bodenbearbeitungsform hängt dabei aber von weiteren Faktoren wie Standorteigenschaften, insbesondere der Bodenart; Fruchtfolgegestaltung und passender Einstellung der Arbeitsgeräte ab.
Background: Pain in the thoracic spine is considered a debilitating pain in other parts of the spine and the consequences are similar to those of neck pain. Thoracic Spine Pain (TSP) is defined as pain experienced in the region between the first and 12th thoracic vertebrae on the posterior trunk, with possible radiation ventrally to the ribcage. The prevalence can be up to 30% depending on the population. Despite this, there is significantly less research in this area and therefore a lack of guidelines to enable clinicians to provide optimal care for this patient group. Thus, this systematic review aimed to find out the comparative effectiveness of manual therapy (MT), exercise therapy (ET), pharmacological intervention, or educational therapy on pain in adults with TSP. In addition, to verify the effect of the above therapies on physical functioning and emotional functioning.
Methods: A systematic review (SR) with meta-analysis was conducted. For this, a literature search of five electronic databases (Ovid Medline All, Embase, Cinahl, Scopus, and Cochrane Library Trials) was performed in October 2021 and updated in September 2023 by a professional librarian without restriction in terms of year of publication and language. It included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with adults (>18 years old) suffering from TSP. The interventions investigated had to include at least one of these approaches: MT, ET, pharmacological intervention (PI), or education therapy. First (abstract and title) and second (full text) screening, data extraction, and risk of bias (Cochrane RoB-2 tool) assessments were performed by two independent reviewers and then checked by a third reviewer. The results were presented qualitatively and quantitatively. When possible, the data from the included studies were pooled in a meta-analysis. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.
Results: Ten RCTs were included. MT was investigated in 7 studies,[1-7] ET in 3 studies,[1,5,8] and PI in 3 studies.[1,9,10] Four studies [2-4,6] compared MT vs placebo, but no statistically significant (NSS) difference at any time point was found (e.g., 3 months (SMD [95%CI] -0.01 [-0.36, 0.35]) follow-up). The comparison between two PI (local anesthetic vs local anesthetic plus steroids),[9,10] demonstrated NSS in pain intensity at any follow-up. One study [5] compared MT (spinal manipulation, manual pressure release) plus ET (stretching and strengthening) vs just ET, and found SS difference favoring the combined therapy (SMD [95%] 0.59 [0.07, 1.10]) after 3 weeks. No study compared the four treatments of interest against each other. One study was classified as low RoB, 3 studies as some concerns, and 6 studies as high RoB. All results presented a very low certainty of evidence according to the GRADE.
Conclusion: Although thoracic pain is considered a disabling pain, the best conservative treatment option to relieve pain has not been substantially explored to provide high evidence-level information. Based on the restricted data included in this review, just manual therapy was compared with placebo therapy, and the results demonstrated that this technique is not superior to a placebo treatment to relieve thoracic pain. The other modalities explored in this review (exercise, pharmacological, and education therapy) were just compared between the same classes of treatment. And no difference between them was found. Just when manual therapy was combined with exercise therapy and compared with exercise alone, the results showed a medium effect favoring the combined therapy. Thus, the combination of manual therapy and exercise could be a promising treatment to relieve thoracic pain. However, more studies with better quality and more homogeneity in treatments are needed for further conclusions.
Some Hydrangea macrophylla/Hydrangea macrophylla subsp. serrata cultivars contain high amounts of the dihydroisocoumarins (DHCs) phyllodulcin and hydrangenol predominantly in young leaves. Treatments with methyljasmonate increases the contents as confirmed by studies with plants grown under optimized conditions. The functions of the DHCs for the plant are presently unclear. Since phyllodulcin has weak bactericide and moderate antifungal properties, bacterial and fungal endophytes of young leaves were isolated and PCR methods were used for identification. Most of the bacteria belong to the genus Bacillus. Other endophytes may belong to the genera Patulibacter, Rhodococcus, Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Shouchilla, Priesta, Aeribacillus and Peribacillus, which is presently under conclusive proof, as are the endophytic fungal species belonging to the Ascomycetes. Culturing of several endophytes in presence of the DHCs revealed that some of the bacteria (Priestia spec., Patulibacter spec., Bacillus thuringiensis) and two fungi were able to degrade hydrangenol but not phyllodulcin. Ongoing studies with bacterial cultures point to growth modulation of some species by phyllodulcin. It is therefore hypothesized that phyllodulcin may have allelopathic functions in endophyte colonization success, as well as growth and microbial interaction control in the young leaves.
Evaluation of neuropathic pain characteristics in persons with spine-related neck-arm pain (Poster)
(2024)
Background
Spine-related neck-arm pain is heterogenous in its clinical presentation and pain-types (nociceptive/neuropathic). A clinical-framework for spine-related pain differentiates between (i) somatic referred pain, ii) heightened nerve mechanosensitivity, both conditions are per definition nociceptive pain (NoP) and iii) radicular pain as well as iv) radiculopathy. Radicular pain with radiculopathy meets the criteria for neuropathic pain (NeP).
Purpose
The aim was to investigate if NeP-characteristics differ between the group somatic referred pain/heightened nerve mechanosensitivity (group A) and the group radicular pain/radiculopathy (group B), using the NeP screening tool painDETECT (PD-Q). For the purpose of this study, group A was defined as having NoP, and group B as having NeP.
Methods
One hundred and thirteen persons with unilateral spine-related neck-arm pain were clinically assessed using bedside neurological examination and classified into subgroups A and B. Maximal pain area (MPA), average pain severity during the last 4 weeks, sleep quality (numerical-rating-scale), symptom duration (weeks), neck disability index (NDI) and PD-Q were recorded. The PD-Q includes seven weighted sensory descriptors (burning, tingling/pricking, light touch, electric shocks, cold/heat pain, numbness, pressure). The lowest weight is 0 (no experience of the sensation) and the highest weight is 5 (sensation is felt very strongly). PD-Q classifies patients into 3 groups, unlikely (0-12), unclear (13-18) and likely NeP (19-38). For this study, a score ≤ 18 was defined as unlikely and >19 as likely NeP.
Results
Based on the clinical-framework, 52 persons were classified into group A (37 females; mean age 46,1 ± 11,8), of which 48 (91,3%) were classified by PD-Q as unlikely NeP. Sixty-one persons were clinically classified into group B (34 females, mean age 48,7 ± 11,3), of which PD-Q classified 14 (23%) as likely NeP. 84,6% in group A reported the neck as MPA. In group B 63,9% indicated the arm as MPA. There were significant differences in symptom duration (A: mean 207,8 ± 272,3; B: 64,2 ± 154,1, p=< 0,001) and the following PD-Q descriptors: burning (A: 15,6%, B: 38,% p=0,005), tingling/pricking (A: 39,1%, B: 79,6%, p= < 0,001) and numbness (A: 20,3%, B: 38,8% p=0,032). All other descriptors showed no statistically significant difference.
Conclusions
The majority of people in group A (75%) reported the neck as their MPA whereby the majority of persons in group B (61%) reported arm pain. Typical NeP characteristics were significantly more common in group B compared to group A, supporting the suggestion that the clinical presentations of radicular pain/radiculopathy are likely associated with the presence of NeP. The PD-Q identified 89.1% of the clinically classified NoP subjects as unlikely neuropathic, but only 24.5% of those in the radicular/radiculopathy group as having likely NeP, suggesting low diagnostic accuracy in this population.
Implications
It is important to know whether a person with spine-related arm pain has NeP, in order to implement appropriate treatment. The location of the MPA and reported pain descriptors may assist clinicians in the diagnostic work-up of persons with spine-related neck-arm pain.
Background
Pain radiating from the spine into the leg is commonly referred to as ‘sciatica’. ‘Sciatica’ is associated with reduced quality of life, significant suffering and socio-economic burden. The main challenges associated with a diagnosis of ‘sciatica’ relate to the inconsistent use of terminology for the diagnostic labels ‘sciatica’/radicular pain/painful radiculopathy, and the identification of neuropathic pain. These challenges hinder collective clinical and scientific understanding and clarity regarding these conditions, impact effective clinical communication and care planning, prevent clear interpretation of the scientific literature related to the condition, and ultimately may contribute to the limited efficacy and personalisation of care for people living with ‘sciatica’.
Aims
A working group commissioned by the Neuropathic Pain Special Interest Group of the International Association for the Study of Pain was tasked with the aims: (i) to revise the use of terminology for classifying spine-related leg pain, (ii) to propose a way forward on the identification of neuropathic pain in the context of spine-related leg pain.
Method
Three facilitators convened an international expert group (n=12; 6 physicians, 5 physiotherapists, 1 patient advocate; specialities in musculoskeletal health, neurology/pain specialist, general practice, neurosurgery) with diverse expertise in the area of ‘sciatica’. A literature review was conducted to propose recommendations on terminology, followed by the first virtual meeting. The second meeting entailed discussions on the application of the neuropathic pain grading system, including the use of patient case studies to test operationalisation of the system. The system had been developed to assist clinicians and researchers in determining whether patients have neuropathic pain and the level of confidence associated with that decision. Patients are classified as having no neuropathic pain, possible, probable or definite neuropathic pain. The working group members were briefed and updated about the progress before, between and after the meetings with summary papers outlining the objectives, tasks and outcomes of each workshop.
Results
The panel recommended discouraging the term ‘sciatica’ for use in clinical practice and research without further specification of what it entails. The term ‘spine-related leg pain’ is proposed as an umbrella term to include the case definitions of somatic referred pain and radicular pain with and without radiculopathy. Differences in the application of the grading system among panel members and uncertainties to the interpretation of the grading system in the context of spine-related leg pain highlighted the need for further clarifications. The panel proposed an adaptation of the neuropathic pain grading system to facilitate the identification of neuropathic pain in the context of spine-related leg pain. The application of the adapted grading system will be presented at the IFOMT conference.
Conclusion
The working group recommends discouraging use of the term ‘sciatica’ in clinical practice and research; instead, accurate case definitions should be used. The panel proposed an adaptation of the neuropathic pain grading system in the context of spine-related leg pain, to facilitate the identification of neuropathic pain.
Implications
These recommendations will facilitate common language in clinical practice and research and assist the initiation of more specific management for this patient population.
Funding acknowledgements:
IASP NeuPSIG commissioned Working Group