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Innovationen sind die stärksten Gestaltungsfaktoren für eine neue vielversprechende Zukunft, da sie die wichtigsten Treiber für Wachstum und Ertrag in unserer Wirtschaft sind. Die aktuelle Zeitenwende zeigt uns sehr deutlich, dass wir ohne Innovationen bzw. Veränderungen und Anpassungen kaum noch wettbewerbsfähig bleiben, sowohl als Nation bzw. als Gesellschaft und insbesondere als Unternehmen.
Die hohe Dynamik und Komplexität der wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Prozesse setzt neue Maßstäbe an die Innovationsstrategien von Institutionen und Unternehmen.
Neue Technologien, neue Märkte, neues Kundenverhalten und der stetige Wandel sowohl in der Arbeitswelt als auch in unserem gesellschaftlichen Umfeld, wie z.B. die Digitalisierung, zeigen uns, dass allein eine Produktinnovation als solche heute nicht mehr ausreicht. Unter den genannten Randbedingungen müssen Innovationen auch in der Gestaltung von Geschäftsprozessen und Realisierung der "Work-Life-Balance" neu erdacht bzw. überprüft werden.
Der Vorsprung innovativer Produkte im viralen Wettbewerb ist oft nur kurz. Ein ganzheitliches Innovationsmanagement hat alle Bereiche des Unternehmens einzubeziehen und führt zu neuen Geschäftsmodellen, die etablierte Geschäftspraktiken verdrängen, ebenso tauchen durch neue Technologien in immer stärkerem Maße neue Anbieter auf, die die Spielregeln in den Märkten verändern.
Der 1. Deutsche Innovations-Kongress will Impulse setzen, Best-Practice-Modelle als Vorbilder anbieten und im Austausch zwischen den Referent*innen und den Teilnehmer*innen neue Wege bzw. Perspektiven eröffnen.
Wir freuen uns auf alle Teilnehmer*innen und den Erfahrungsaustausch, um aktuelle und nachhaltige Innovations-Impulse zu setzen und neue Wege erfolgversprechende Wege zu beschreiben, womit die bereits fruchtbaren Kooperationen zwischen Wirtschaft und Wissenschaft im Großraum Osnabrück noch weiter belebt werden soll.
Aktuell tragen auch 8 Studierendengruppen des Masterstudiengangs "Entwicklung und Produktion" der Hochschule Osnabrück in der Fakultät I u. I im Rahmen des Moduls "Innovationsmanagement" in Kooperation mit Unternehmen aus der Region durch die Entwicklung neuer innovativer Produkte zum Erfolg des Kongresses bei. Die Zwischenergebnisse dazu werden in einer Poster-Ausstellung präsentiert. Die Innovationsprojekte werden unter der Leitung von Prof. Dr. Jens Schäfer durchgeführt.
Compliance of agricultural AI systems : app-based legal verification throughout the development
(2024)
Significant advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have been achieved; however, practical implementation in agriculture remains limited. Compliance with emerging regulations, such as the EU AI Act and GDPR, is now vital, even for non-critical AI systems. Developers need tools to assess legal compliance, which is complex, often requiring full legal advice. To address this issue, we are developing a support app that simplifies the legal aspects of AI system development, covering the entire lifecycle, from conception to distribution. The current app, which covers the key legal area of copyright and will soon include GDPR and the AI Act, aims to bridge the gap between AI research and agriculture. An evaluation of our app by experts from both the legal and the IT domains shows that the app assists the developers so that they make legally correct statements. Consequently, it promotes legal compliance and awareness among developers, contributing to the seamless integration of AI into agriculture. The need for compliant AI systems in various industries, including agriculture, will only increase as regulations evolve.
Artificial intelligence (AI) promises transformative impacts on society, industry, and agriculture, while being heavily reliant on diverse, quality data. The resource-intensive "data
problem" has initialized a shift to synthetic data. One downside of synthetic data is known as the "reality gap", a lack of realism. Hybrid data, combining synthetic and real data, addresses this. The paper examines terminological inconsistencies and proposes a unified taxonomy for real, synthetic, augmented, and hybrid data. It aims to enhance AI training datasets in smart agriculture, addressing the challenges in the agricultural data landscape. Utilizing hybrid data in AI models offers improved prediction performance and adaptability.
The 3GPP release 16 integrates TSN functionality into 5G and standardizes various options for TSN time synchronization over 5G such as transparent mode and bridge mode. The time domains for the TSN network and the 5G network are kept separate with an option to synchronize either of the networks to the other. The TSN time synchronization over 5G is possible either by using the IEEE 1588 generalized Precision Time Protocol (gPTP) based on UDP/IP multicast or via IEEE 802.1AS based on Ethernet PDUs. The INET and Simu5G simulation frameworks, which are both based on the OMNeT++ discrete event simulator, are widely used for simulating TSN and 5G networks. The INET framework comprises the 802.1AS based time synchronization mechanism, and Simu5G provides the 5G user plane carrying IP PDUs. We modified the 802.1AS-based synchronization model of INET so that it works over UDP/IP. With that, it is possible to synchronize TSN slaves (connected to 5G UEs), across a 5G network, with a TSN master clock, present within a TSN network, that is connected to the 5G core network. Our simulation results show that 500 microseconds of synchronization accuracy can be achieved with the corrected asymmetric propagation delay of uplink and downlink between the gNodeB (gNB) and the User Equipment (UE). Furthermore, the synchronization accuracy can be improved if the delay difference between uplink and downlink is known.
Recent real-time networking developments have enabled ultra reliability, very low latency and high data rates in wired networks. Wireless networking developments have also shown that they can achieve very high data rates with consistency, but they still lack in providing ultra reliability and extremely low latency. Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) developments have brought these capabilities in Industry automation and Automotive industry too. Although TSN is standardized for wired networks for a long time, for wireless networks it will be standardized within the IEEE 802.11be standard for Wi-Fi and 3GPP Release 17 for 5G in the near future. This paper provides an overview of TSN in wired and wireless networks with the aim of comparing different simulators and presenting their offered functionality and shortcomings. These tools can be used to make oneself familiar with TSN algorithms, standards, and for the development and testing of time sensitive networks. Afterwards, the paper discusses open research questions for using TSN over wireless networks.
Die Maschine ist in der Lage faserverstärkte thermoplastische Kunststoffrohre herzustellen. Entwickelt und konstruiert wurde die Maschine als Open Source Hardware Projekt. Das bedeutet die Baupläne und Zeichnungen werden frei zur Verfügung gestellt. Heimwerker und andere Interessierte sollen dadurch die Möglichkeit bekommen faserverstärkte Rohre eigenständig und günstig herzustellen. Die Entwicklung und Konstruktion der Wickelmaschine ist das Ergebnis einer Masterarbeit an der Hochschule Osnabrück.
Artificial intelligence (AI) and human-machine interaction (HMI) are two keywords that usually do not fit embedded applications. Within the steps needed before applying AI to solve a specific task, HMI is usually missing during the AI architecture design and the training of an AI model. The human-in-the-loop concept is prevalent in all other steps of developing AI, from data analysis via data selection and cleaning to performance evaluation. During AI architecture design, HMI can immediately highlight unproductive layers of the architecture so that lightweight network architecture for embedded applications can be created easily. We show that by using this HMI, users can instantly distinguish which AI architecture should be trained and evaluated first since a high accuracy on the task could be expected. This approach reduces the resources needed for AI development by avoiding training and evaluating AI architectures with unproductive layers and leads to lightweight AI architectures. These resulting lightweight AI architectures will enable HMI while running the AI on an edge device. By enabling HMI during an AI uses inference, we will introduce the AI-in-the-loop concept that combines AI's and humans' strengths. In our AI-in-the-loop approach, the AI remains the working horse and primarily solves the task. If the AI is unsure whether its inference solves the task correctly, it asks the user to use an appropriate HMI. Consequently, AI will become available in many applications soon since HMI will make AI more reliable and explainable.
Bamboo is an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional materials in mechanical engineering such as steel or aluminium. Bamboo is the fastest growing plant in the world. Instead of releasing CO2 during the manufacturing process, bamboo absorbs CO2 as it grows.
In addition to the sustainability aspect, bamboo tubes also offer excellent properties as a lightweight construction material, which have been optimised through evolution. Bamboo tubes have high strength and stiffness at low weight when used as tension-compression bars or bending beams. Bamboo has strong, high-density fibres at the boundary area, where bending stresses are greatest. Towards the inside, where the stresses are lower, the bamboo becomes porous to optimise weight. This, together with knots arranged in regular intervals, counteracts buckling.
In mobile applications such as cars and bicycles, lightweight construction is sought for energy efficiency reasons. Because of its excellent lightweight properties, the project investigated whether bamboo could be used in mobile, automotive or agricultural engineering. For example, a bamboo bicycle frame has been developed with the aim to be as light as possible. There are bamboo bicycles on the market, but they can only be made one at a time by hand. The bamboo tubes are joined together and functional elements such as the bottom bracket and headset are integrated by wrapping them in resin-impregnated natural or carbon fibres. This makes the joints very heavy. A different approach is taken here: the bamboo tubes are drilled out slightly to achieve a defined internal diameter, and then short aluminium tubes are glued into the bamboo canes from the inside. To prevent the cane from breaking in the circumferential direction, i.e. perpendicular to the fibre direction, the bamboo tubes are wrapped in a thin layer of natural or carbon fibre impregnated with synthetic resin. The aluminium tubes and functional elements are welded or soldered together beforehand.
The design of the bicycle frame, i.e. the dimensioning of the bamboo tubes and joints, was based on extensive bending and tensile tests to determine the strength properties of the natural material bamboo. The bonding between the bamboo cane and the aluminium tube was also investigated experimentally. Finally, several prototype bicycle frames were made and tested for durability according to DIN-EN-14764. The frames passed the tests.
The result is a bamboo bicycle that is manufactured with standardised connectors and joints. The assembly concept developed allows both fully automated and semi-automated series production of bamboo bicycles.
In modern times, closed-loop control systems (CLCSs) play a prominent role in a wide application range, from production machinery via automated vehicles to robots. CLCSs actively manipulate the actual values of a process to match predetermined setpoints, typically in real time and with remarkable precision. However, the development, modeling, tuning, and optimization of CLCSs barely exploit the potential of artificial intelligence (AI). This paper explores novel opportunities and research directions in CLCS engineering, presenting potential designs and methodologies incorporating AI. Combining these opportunities and directions makes it evident that employing AI in developing and implementing CLCSs is indeed feasible. Integrating AI into CLCS development or AI directly within CLCSs can lead to a significant improvement in stakeholder confidence. Integrating AI in CLCSs raises the question: How can AI in CLCSs be trusted so that its promising capabilities can be used safely? One does not trust AI in CLCSs due to its unknowable nature caused by its extensive set of parameters that defy complete testing. Consequently, developers working on AI-based CLCSs must be able to rate the impact of the trainable parameters on the system accurately. By following this path, this paper highlights two key aspects as essential research directions towards safe AI-based CLCSs: (I) the identification and elimination of unproductive layers in artificial neural networks (ANNs) for reducing the number of trainable parameters without influencing the overall outcome, and (II) the utilization of the solution space of an ANN to define the safety-critical scenarios of an AI-based CLCS.
Das Interesse am Lehrkonzept des Inverted Classroom (ICM) erfreut sich in den letzten Jahren zunehmender Beliebtheit und mit Beginn der Corona-Pandemie und dem damit verbundenen Umstieg auf Online-gestützt Lehrformate ist es noch einmal deutlich gestiegen. Beim ICM wird die Phase der Wissensvermittlung aus der Präsenzphase der traditionellen Lehrveranstaltung umgedreht: Was bisher während der gemeinsamen Veranstaltungszeit präsentiert wurde, wird nun über Texte, Videos u.a. in eine vorgelagerte Selbstlernphase aus der Veranstaltungszeit ausgelagert. Die gemeinsame Präsenzzeit wird für aktives Lernen, Vertiefung, Diskussion oder andere aktive Formate genutzt. Das Inverted Classroom Modell wird Disziplin- und veranstaltungsübergreifend in der Lehre sowohl in Schulen wie auch Hochschulen genutzt.
Die von Sutherland und Schwaber entwickelte Scrum-Methodik ist ein etabliertes Vorgehensmodell in der Software-Entwicklung und dem Projektmanagement. Scrum bietet durch definierte Rollen, Artefakte und Ereignisse einen Rahmen in dem inkrementell an der Entwicklung eines Produktes gearbeitet werden kann. Diese Inkremente werden in Arbeitszyklen (Sprints) erarbeitet, bei denen die stetige Verbesserung des Produktes und der Arbeitsweise im Fokus stehen. Mit eduScrum oder Scrum4Schools wird Scrum in die Lehre übertragen.
Es liegt auf der Hand, dass sich die Konzepte des ICM und Scrum sehr gut ergänzen und die Scrum Methodik einen formalen Rahmen für ICM bieten kann.
Der Beitrag beschreibt die Umsetzung dieser Kombination agiler Methodiken aus Scrum im Kontext des Inverted Classroom in einer Informatik-Grundlagenveranstaltung an der Hochschule Osnabrück.
Im Modul Algorithmen und Datenstrukturen ist das Inverted Classroom Modell mit der Scrum-Methodik kombiniert. Die Studierenden erarbeiten die Inhalte des Moduls im Lernmanagementsystem mithilfe von Videoaufzeichnungen, digitalem Skript und interaktiven Übungseinheiten. Der Wegfall der klassischen Vorlesung ermöglicht mehr Zeit zur Beantwortung von Fragen, Diskussionen sowie der Reflexion des Erlernten durch Hörsaal-Quizze. Die Themen der Veranstaltung werden vorgegeben, aber die Bearbeitung erfolgt individuell und die Studierenden gestalten ihre eigenen Lernprozesse. Theorie und Praxis der Veranstaltung werden analog zur Scrum-Methodik in mehrwöchigen Sprints im Team bearbeitet. Die Aufgaben sind in den Kontext einer virtuellen Betriebssystemumgebung eingebettet und bauen aufeinander auf. Das Softwareprojekt wird hierzu als GitLab-Repository zur Verfügung gestellt. Die Verwendung von Git und integrierten Test-Routinen entsprechen einer realitätsnahen Vorgehensweise, wie sie in der Softwareentwicklung allgemein gängige Praxis ist.
Wie können wir die Lehre heute gestalten, wenn wir nicht wissen, was morgen gebraucht wird?
Unter dieser Perspektive werden aktuelle Herausforderungen und Chancen universitärer Bildung betrachtet. Ausgehend von einer höheren organisatorischen Perspektive übergehend zu der Mikroperspektive einer einzelnen Lehrveranstaltung. Die Rolle von generativen KI-Systemen wird betrachtet.
Der Begriff New Learning im Kontext von New Work wird aufgegriffen und in Anlehnung an das Agile Manifesto der SW-Entwicklung wird ein agiles Manifest für die Lehre formuliert. Dieses wird in den Zusammenhang mit den sog. Zukunftskompetenzen oder Future Skills gebracht.
Nach dem Auslaufen der 20-jährigen Förderung über eine Einspeisevergütung im Rahmen des Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetzes (EEG) gibt es für deutsche Biogasanlagen diverse technische Möglichkeiten für einen Weiterbetrieb. Neben der Wirtschaftlichkeit sind die Anlagenbetreibenden ein wesentlicher Entscheidungsfaktor für den Weiterbetrieb der Anlage. Somit ergibt sich die zentrale Fragestellung „Welche Treiber und Hemmnisse für Betreibende von Bestandsbiogasanlagen in Deutschland bestehen in den verschiedenen Nutzungspfaden für Biogas, sowie für kooperative Geschäftsmodelle?“. Die Erkenntnisse können unter anderem dafür genutzt werden, die Situation der Anlagenbetreibenden besser zu verstehen, um notwendige Unterstützung für einen Weiterbetrieb, beispielsweise durch Kommunen, zur Verfügung stellen zu können.
While developing traffic-based cognitive enhancement technology (CET), such as bike accident prevention systems, it can be challenging to test and evaluate them properly. After all, the real-world scenario could endanger the subjects’ health and safety. Therefore, a simulator is needed, preferably one that is realistic yet low cost. This paper introduces a way to use the video game Grand Theft Auto V (GTA V) and its sophisticated traffic system as a base to create such a simulator, allowing for the safe and realistic testing of dangerous traffic situations involving cyclists, cars, and trucks. The open world of GTA V, which can be explored on foot and via various vehicles, serves as an immersive stand-in for the real world. Custom modification scripts of the game give the researchers control over the experiment scenario and the output data to be evaluated. An off-the-shelf bicycle equipped with three sensors serves as a realistic input device for the subject’s movement direction and speed. The simulator was used to test two early-stage CET concepts enabling cyclists to sense dangerous traffic situations, such as trucks approaching from behind the cyclist. Thus, this paper also presents the user evaluation of the cycling simulator and the CET used by the subjects to sense dangerous traffic situations. With the knowledge of the first iteration of the user-centered design (UCD) process, this paper concludes by naming improvements for the cycling simulator and discussing further research directions for CET that enable users to sense dangerous situations better.
Innerhalb eines Forschungsprojektes wurde ein Energiesystemoptimierungsmodell entwickelt, das mögliche Geschäftsmodelle als Weiterbetriebsoptionen für Biogasanlagen betrachtet. Insbesondere der Einfluss von fluktuierenden Strommarktpreisen und variierenden Treibhausgasquoten soll kritisch im innerdeutschen Kontext beleuchtet werden.
The energy transition involves various challenges. One key aspect is the decentralization of power generation, which requires new actors. In order to integrate these into the system in the best possible way, there are various approaches e.g. in cooperation in citizens' initiatives or cooperatives (Dorniok, 2016).
Cooperation in general can enable the implementation of certain business models or can increase profitability by the exploitation of economies of scale (Skovsgaard & Jacobsen, 2017; Theurl, 2010). Synergy effects result from the utilization of know-how, different technologies or resources of the partners involved to complement the own competencies and services (Eggers & Engelbrecht, 2005; Sander, 2009). Cooperation exists in various industries and enable the participating companies to compensate their size-related resource deficits (Glaister & Buckley, 1996; Todeva & Knoke, 2005). This creates the opportunity to develop innovations, open up new markets, exploit newly created economies of scale and share costs and risks (Franco & Haase, 2015). In agriculture, cooperation in the form of cooperatives have been of essential importance for a long time, especially with the aim of exploiting synergy effects (Bareille et al., 2017). In the field of renewable energy development, cooperation in form of citizen cooperatives make a significant contribution to the participation of citizens in political, social and financial aspects of the energy transition (Huybrechts & Mertens, 2014). Energy cooperatives are frequently discussed as a potential actor in the energy transition and are increasingly being established to advance the common interests of stakeholders. For example, the joint operation of decentralized power generation plants can involve new actors in the energy transition through regional cooperation (Walk, 2014).
Existing biogas plants in Germany need new business models after the 20-year Renewable Energy Sources Act feed-in tariff expires. For continued operation, a business model innovation is needed, which can be realized based on the different technical utilization pathways. Cooperation can have a significant impact on the profitability of the different business models, especially by exploiting synergy effects (Karlsson et al., 2019). In addition, cooperation can help to ensure that existing plants continue to operate at all.
Currently, the most widespread use of biogas in Germany is in the coupled generation of electricity and heat. Additionally, there is the possibility of upgrading biogas to biomethane or biogenic hydrogen path (Mertins & Wawer, 2022).
Different options for cooperative business models that exist in the biogas utilization pathways are presented. The focus is on explaining the advantages of a joint approach compared to single-farm business models and identifying the relevant actors. Subsequently, drivers and barriers for the different cooperative business models are identified and classified based on 20 semi-structured interviews with plant operators in the administrative district of Osnabrück. The aim is to identify drivers and barriers for cooperative post-EEG operation. As a result, political instruments are to be found that make it possible to involve relevant actors and thus stimulate the best possible continued operation from the point of view of the energy system. The results are structured according to the PESTEL analysis. This assigns drivers and barriers to the categories political, economic, sociocultural, technological, ecological and legal (Kaufmann, 2021). The analysis of the interviews is supplemented and validated by a literature review.
Drivers and barriers for cooperative business models are manifold and can vary mainly depending on the plant and the operator.
Drivers
• Political
o Promotion of renewable energies: reduce dependence on fossil (Russian) fuels
• Economic
o Expectation of synergies (information sharing, shared risk, economies of scale)
o Planning security (fixed supply or purchase contracts)
o Access to new markets (not accessible by single-farm business models)
o Cost savings by sharing infrastructure, technology
o Positive return expectation
• Sociocultural
o Motivating, innovative environment
o Lowers barriers to participation in new markets
o Target-oriented partnerships
o Better use of capacities and strengths
o Strengthening regional value creation
• Technological
o Economies of scale (efficiency)
o Available, mature technology
o Storable, transportable gas
o Well-developed infrastructure
• Ecological
o Increase in plant efficiency
o Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
o Promotion of the circular economy by utilization of organic waste and agricultural residues
o Improving soil quality (fermentation residues as fertilizer)
Barriers
• Political
o Competition to other renewable energies
• Economic
o Uncertainty about future development of energy markets
o Disagreements between the cooperation partners
o Lack of flexibility due to longer-term contractual obligations
o Allocation of profits
• Sociocultural
o Cooperation with current competitor
o Cultural differences and lack of trust
o Acceptance by the general public (e.g. overproduction of maize)
• Technological
o Different technology that is difficult to combine
o Data protection
• Ecological
o Competition for agricultural land
o Use of monocultures
o Emissions from plant
o Pollution from transport
• Legal
o Legal requirements and regulations
o Unfavorable regulatory environment, e.g. long permitting process
One finding is that uncertainty is a major barrier for plant operators. This includes uncertainty about regulatory frameworks and political requirements, as well as about the general development of the energy markets. In addition, social factors such as lack of reliability and disagreement about revenue sharing are a potential barrier. A key driver for the implementation of cooperative business models is the expectation of synergy effects. In addition, operators are driven by a positive expectation of returns and the responsibility for securing the energy supply in times of crisis.
The drivers identified can now be used to develop strategies to advance cooperative business models. In particular, synergy effects should be exploited so that operators can benefit from cooperation. The advantages can also be highlighted and communicated to increase acceptance among the general public. Another important step is to reduce the barriers discussed above. In order to reduce social barriers in particular, it may be advisable to include an external partner in the cooperation, such as a municipal utility that operates an upgrading plant and concludes purchase agreements with the individual partners. In addition, it would be politically expedient to provide the operators with a clear framework for the future in order to reduce uncertainties. As a further aspect, knowledge transfer on new technologies and markets should take place.
Knowledge of the maximum friction coefficient µmax between tire and road is necessary for implementing autonomous driving. As this coefficient cannot be measured via existing serial vehicle sensors, µmax estimation is a challenging field in modern automotive research. In particular, model-based approaches are applied, which are limited in the estimation accuracy by the physical vehicle model. Therefore, this paper presents a data-based µmax estimation using serial vehicle sensors. For this purpose, recurrent artificial neural networks are trained, validated, and tested based on driving maneuvers carried out with a test vehicle showing improved results compared to the model-based algorithm from previous works.
Die Digitalisierung des Bodenbeprobungsverfahrens mit einer automatisierten Generierung einer Düngeempfehlung auf Grundlage der analysierten Bodennährstoffgehalte – direkt nach Beendigung der Bodenbeprobung auf dem Acker – ist ein übergeordnetes Ziel bei der Nutzung des mobilen Feldlabors „soil2data“. Neben den Bodennährstoffanalyse-Ergebnissen sind für die Umsetzung einer automatisierten generierten Düngeempfehlung weitere Informationen notwendig.
Die Quellen dieser Informationen haben einen unterschiedlichen Ursprung. Es sind Daten aus verschiedenen Quellen vom Bewirtschafter, von Dienstleistern und vom mobilen Feldlabor, welche miteinander verknüpft und synchronisiert werden müssen. Für einen automatisierten Prozessablauf zur Generierung einer Düngeempfehlung ist die Datenorganisation eine essenzielle Voraussetzung. Die Grundlage der Empfehlung sind die Tabellenwerke der offiziellen Düngeempfehlung, die bei den für die Düngung zuständigen Behörden der Bundesländer vorliegen. In dieser Publikation werden die notwendigen Daten und der Prozessdatenfluss für die Bodenbeprobung und Düngeempfehlung-Generierung beschrieben und grafisch dargestellt.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the enabler for new innovations in several domains. It allows the connection of digital services with physical entities in the real world. These entities are devices of different categories and sizes range from large machinery to tiny sensors. In the latter case, devices are typically characterized by limited resources in terms of computational power, available memory and sometimes limited power supply. As a consequence, the use of security algorithms requires of them to work within the limited resources. This means to find a suitable implementation and configuration for a security algorithm, that performs properly on the device, which may become a challenging task. On the other side, there is the desire to protect valuable assets as strong as possible. Usually, security goals are recorded in security policies, but they do not consider resource availability on the involved device and its power consumption while executing security algorithms. This paper presents an IoT security configuration tool that helps the designer of an IoT environment to experiment with the trade-off between maximizing security and extending the lifetime of a resource constrained IoT device. The tool is controlled with high-level description of security goals in the form of policies. It allows the designer to validate various (security) configurations for a single IoT device up to a large sensor network.
This paper investigates four different mobile robots with respect to their drivingcharacteristics and soil preservation properties in an agricultural environment.Thereby, robots of classical design from agriculture as well as systems from spacerobotics with advanced locomotion concepts are considered to determine theindividual advantages of each rover concept with respect to the application domain.Locomotion experiments were conducted to analyze the general driving behavior,tensile force, and obstacle‐surmounting capability and ground interaction of eachrobot. Various soil conditions typical for the area of application are taken intoaccount, which are varied in terms of moisture and density. The presented workcovers the specification of the conducted experiments, documentation of theimplementation as well as analysis and evaluation of the collected data. In theevaluation, particular attention is paid to the change in driving characteristics underdifferent soil conditions, as well as to the soil stress caused by driving, since soilquality is of critical importance for agricultural applications. The analysis shows thatthe advanced locomotion concepts, as used in space robotics, also have positiveimplications for certain requirements in agricultural applications, such as maneuver-ability in wet conditions and soil conservation. The results show potential for designinnovations in agricultural robotics that can be used, to open up new fields ofapplication for instance in the context of precision farming.
Today's development of client-side web applications is based on one of the JavaScript-frameworks, such as Angular or React. The excessive dependencies that arise in the ecosystem from the Node-Package-Manager increase the security risk and the dependency of your own web application on third-party packages. Moreover, the frameworkless approach proposes a renaissance of classic web development, because it strives to avoid external dependencies as far as possible and to fall back on the standards. Whether the implementation achieves maintainability and security of frameworks is questionable. Therefore, it makes sense to research which core concepts of the frameworks meet the requirements for maintainability and security and how these are implemented. The novelty is that the concepts to be explored are moved to a standard in order to ensure the developer efficiency, security, performance and maintainability in the long term. This allows existing approaches to focus on other essential features.
Power consumption has become a major design constraint, especially for battery-powered embedded systems. However, the impact of software applications is typically considered in later phases, where both software and hardware parts are close to their finalization. Power-related issues must be detected in early stages to keep the development costs low, satisfy time-to-market, and avoid cost-intensive redesign loops. Moreover, the variety of hardware components, architectures, and communication interfaces make the development of embedded software more challenging. To manage the complexity of software applications, approaches such as model-driven development (MDD) may be used. This article proposes a power-estimation approach in MDD for software application models in early development phases. A unified modeling language (UML) profile is introduced to model power-related properties of hardware components. To determine the impact of software applications, we defined two analysis methods using simulation data and a novel in-the-loop concept. Both methods may be applied at different development stages to determine an energy trace, describing the energy-related behavior of the system. A novel definition of energy bugs is provided to describe power-related misbehavior. We apply our approach to a sensor node example, demonstrate an energy bug detection, and compare the runtime and accuracy of the analysis methods.
The expiry of national subsidies for biogas in Germany means that new business models are needed. Furthermore, hydrogen is expected to make a significant contribution to the energy transition in the future. Therefore, potentials for the production of hydrogen from biogas are identified in this study. A joint upgrading infrastructure is developed that models the collaborative upgrading of biogas to hydrogen for existing biogas plants with subsequent gas grid injection. Furthermore, regions are identified that are particularly suitable as pioneer regions in Germany due to a high potential for green hydrogen production and comparatively low costs for hydrogen production. The modeling shows that collaborative upgrading achieves significant cost savings compared to single-farm upgrading. Furthermore, the potential for hydrogen production from biogas and the costs of upgrading differ significantly within the administrative districts in Germany.
Reibermüdung ist ein Phänomen, welches an den Kontakträndern von in Berührung ste-henden, kraftübertragenden Bauteilen beobachtet werden kann. Typische Maschinenele-mente, die in diesem Mode versagen können, sind z. B. die Schwalbenschwanzverbindung sowie ihre Ableger, die mehrzahnigen Tannenbaumfixierungen. In der Literatur beschrie-bene Untersuchungen weisen für Flachproben mit Reibbrücken ein Lebensdauerverhalten mit einem lokalen Minimum über der Anpresskraft der Reibbrücken aus. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht mithilfe des Sines-Ermüdungskriteriums, kombiniert mit Grenzwerten gemäß FKM-Richtlinie, ob ein solches Verhalten auch für die Schwalbenschwanzverbin-dung zutrifft. Im Gegensatz zur Reibbrückenanordnung mit separater Einleitung von kon-stanter Pressung und Längslastamplitude fluktuieren bei der Schwalbenschwanzverbin-dung die Anpresskraft und Zugkraft mit der einzigen am Hals eingeleiteten Last.
Currently, soil nutrient analysis involves two separate processes for soil sampling and nutrient analysis: 1. field soil sampling and 2. laboratory analysis. These two - separate - main work processes are combined and conceptualised for a mobile field laboratory so that soil sampling and analysis can be carried out simultaneously in the field. The module-based field laboratory "soil2data" can carry out these two main work processes in parallel and consists of 5 different task-specific modules that build on each other: app2field, field2soil, app2liquid, liquid2data and data2app. The individual modules were designed and built for the sub-process steps and adapted to the special features of the mobile field laboratory "soil2data". The biggest advantage is that the analysis results are available immediately, and a fertiliser recommendation can be generated instantly. For further analyses, the results are stored in the data cloud. The soil material remains in the field. In the ongoing project "Prototypes4soil2data", the mobile field laboratory soil2data is being further developed into a prototype with a modular structure.
Die Anforderungen an zukünftige Teilnehmende eines Arbeitsmarktes verändern sich. Das von Frithjof Bergmann begründete Prinzip der Neuen Arbeit (Bergmann, 2004) ist aktuell Gegenstand zahlreicher Diskussionen und Debatten über aktuelle und zukünftige Arbeitswelten. Die sich daraus ergebenden Kompetenzanforderungen passen mit der Lehre in Hochschulen wenig zusammen. Zunehmend werden agile Lernszenarien diskutiert.
Das Inverted Classroom Modell (ICM) erfreut sich seit einigen Jahren großer Beliebtheit in der Hochschullehre. Aus Studierendensicht ist die Teilnahme an einer ICM-Veranstaltung aber eine Herausforderung. Für ein erfolgreiches Lernen sind insbesondere personale Kompetenzen wie Selbstmotivation, Durchhaltevermögen und Selbstregulationskompetenz erforderlich (Pöpel & Morisse, 2019). Um diesem Umstand entgegenzuwirken, wurde vom Autor ICM mit Ideen aus Scrum für eine Informatik-Lehrveranstaltung kombiniert (siehe auch (Morisse & Heidemann, 2021)). Die Wirkung von Scrum kann sich nur entfalten, wenn die Arbeit in einzelne Sprints aufgeteilt wird und bei der Bearbeitung der Sprints auch die eigene Zusammenarbeit im Rahmen einer Retrospektive kritisch reflektiert wird. Zu diesem Zweck wird der gesamte Inhalt der Lehrveranstaltung in eine Anzahl von thematischen Blöcken aufgeteilt, die als Lehr- und Lerninhalte für die Lern-Sprints der Scrum-Umsetzung werden. Für jeden Themenblock müssen die theoretischen Inhalte erarbeitet sowie eine eigenständige Zusammenfassung formuliert werden. Ergänzend dazu wurde ein Software-Produkt definiert, in dessen Rahmen die theoretischen Inhalte einfließen konnten.
Die Durchführung eines Reviews und einer Retrospektive schließen bei Scrum einen Sprint ab. Genau dies lässt sich auch im Hochschulkontext sehr gut als Feedback-Instrument durchführen. Das Review bestand in der Inspektion der entwickelten Software. Mit der Retrospektive wird die eigene Zusammenarbeit im Team kritisch reflektiert. Ein besonderes Augenmerk verdient der kommunikative Stil zwischen Lehrenden und Studierenden. Bei einem Veranstaltungskonzept, welches getragen wird von Interaktion und Diskussion, kommt einer empathischen und wertschätzenden Kommunikation eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Das dies in der vorgestellten Veranstaltung scheinbar gelungen ist, zeigt das Zitat eines der teilnehmenden Studierenden „Ich freue mich immer auf die Review-Termine“. Zur Erinnerung: Das Review ist der Termin zur Vorstellung des erreichten Ergebnisses, also eher ein Prüfungs-Setting, bei dem Studierende ihre Arbeit präsentieren. Weitere positive Resonanzmerkmale durch die Studierenden waren die hoffnungsvollen Fragen, ob denn die Veranstaltungen im kommenden Semester auch nach ICMScrum organisiert sind.
Oleamide is used as a lubricant in the manufacturing and application of polypropylene (PP) medical devices. Samples of PP were prepared with 0, 1500, and 15 000 ppm oleamide content as lubricant. The samples were either left non-sterile, sterilized with ethylene oxide (ETO), γ-radiation (γ) or autoclaved (A) and stored for up to 4 weeks. To determine the oleamide bulk-to-surface distribution depending on sterilization method and storage time an extraction method and a washing technique were applied. The oleamide content was determined by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and compared with the coefficient of friction (COF). The COF dependent on the measured lubricant content at the surface. The content of lubricant on the surface depends on the type of sterilization: ETO increased the lubricant content to some extent, γ-sterilization and autoclaving reduced it. After storage, no migration of the lubricant to the surface could be detected.
Aufgrund der Folgen des Klimawandels bekommen klimaanpassende Maßnahmen immer mehr Bedeutung. Durch versiegelte Flächen und Starkregen können einerseits Überschwemmungen entstehen, anderseits führen Hitze und wenig Niederschlag zu Trockenheit und Wassermangel. Deswegen ist es wichtig, klimaanpassende Maßnahmen zu fördern und diese den Bürgern näher zu bringen.
Das Ziel dieser Bachelorarbeit ist, eine Webanwendung zu entwickeln, die die Bürger zur Nutzung von Regenwasser und zu Entsiegelungen als klimaanpassende Maßnahmen motiviert, indem Nutzern eine individuelle Berechnung der Kosten und des Nutzens angeboten wird. Dafür folgt die Entwicklung der Webanwendung dem menschzentrierten Gestaltungsprozess, um eine hohe Benutzerfreundlichkeit zu erreichen. Es werden Usability-Tests als Evaluation durchgeführt.
Die Ergebnisse der Evaluation zeigen, dass die entwickelte Webanwendung die Nutzer zufriedenstellt und die Anforderungen erfüllt. Der menschzentrierte Gestaltungsprozess ist für das betrachtete Themenfeld ein wirksames und zielführendes Vorgehen bei der Entwicklung interaktiver Systeme.
Knowledge of the small-scale nutrient status of a field is an important basis for decision-making when it comes to optimising the fertiliser use in crop production. Currently, the traditional method involves soil sampling in the field and soil sample analysis in the laboratory as two separate working processes.
The previous research project "soil2data" developed a mobile field laboratory for different carrier vehicles. In the follow-up project "prototypes4soil2data", the results of soil2data are further developed. A mixed soil sample is collected during the drive on the field. The soil sample is then wet-chemically prepared and analysed. The overall soil sampling and analysis process is divided into the following process steps: soil sampling planning, soil sampling, soil preparation, soil analysis and data management. The process steps are modified for the mobile field laboratory and the process steps run in parallel. The new soil extraction method is based on official German methods (VDLUFA) to ensure the interoperability of the analysis results with the VDLUFA fertiliser recommendations. An innovative key component is the NUTRISTAT analysis module (lab-on-chip with ISFET measurement technology). It can measure pH, the nutrients NO3-, H2PO4-, K+ and the electrical conductivity. In addition to the advantages of rapid data availability and no need to transport soil material to the laboratory, it provides a future basis for new application, e.g. verification of current results in the field during soil sampling with existing results or dynamic adjustment of soil sampling during work in the field.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the enabler for new innovations in several domains. It allows the connection of digital services with real, physical entities. These entities are devices of different categories and range in size from large machinery to tiny sensors. In the latter case, devices are typically characterized by limited resources in terms of computational power, available memory and sometimes limited power supply. As a consequence, the use of security algorithms requires expert knowledge in order for them to work within the limited resources. That means to find a suitable configuration for the algorithms to perform properly on the device. On the other side, there is the desire to protect valuable assets as strong as possible. Usually, security goals are captured in security policies, but they do not consider resource availability on the involved device and their consumption while executing security algorithms. This paper presents a resource aware information exchange model and a generation tool that uses high-level security policies as input. The model forms the conceptual basis for an automated security configuration recommendation system.
This paper presents a framework for OMNeT++ which includes time synchronization model for WLANs. Synchronization is based on the Generalized Precision Time Protocol (gPTP) standard, which aims to achieve an accuracy of less than 100 nanoseconds. The presented model is developed and implemented in OMNeT++, a discrete event network simulator, using its INET library. A new type of WLAN node is modeled which supports time synchronization at the Link layer. A clock module for WLAN nodes is also modeled which implements variable clock drift to simulate noise interference in clock frequency oscillators. Simulations with our WLAN nodes are done and the results show that using gPTP based time synchronization in wireless networks, accuracy of ±3ns can be achieved.
The effects of reaction parameters on Hurn:xwiley:23670932:media:cptc202000216:cptc202000216-math-0001 production from ethanol photocatalysis in the gas phase have been investigated. The photocatalytic activity evolves from an early mass‐transfer limited regime to an independent one at later irradiation times, which is interpreted in terms of a photocatalytic site activity distribution. Ethanol molar fraction exhibits two different domains, with Hurn:xwiley:23670932:media:cptc202000216:cptc202000216-math-0002 production increasing up to a molar fraction of 0.12, beyond which it plateaus. Hurn:xwiley:23670932:media:cptc202000216:cptc202000216-math-0003 :AcH ratios are very sensitive to reaction conditions, reaching 1.8 at low reactant flows. UV light is converted to Hurn:x-wiley:23670932:media:cptc202000216:cptc202000216-math-0004 with an efficiency of nearly 3 %.
Due to the resource-constrained nature of embedded systems, it is crucial to support the estimation of their power consumption as early in the development process as possible. Non-functional requirements based on power consumption directly impact the software design, e.g., watt-hour thresholds and expected lifetimes based on battery capacities. Even if software affects hardware behavior directly, these types of requirements are often overlooked by software developers because they are commonly associated with the hardware layer. Modern trends in software engineering such as Model-Driven Development (MDD) can be used in embedded software development to evaluate power consumption-based requirements in early design phases. However, power consumption aspects are currently not sufficiently considered in MDD approaches. In this paper, we present a model-driven approach using Unified Modeling Language profile extensions to model hardware components and their power characteristics. Software m odels are combined with hardware models to achieve a system-wide estimation, including peripheral devices, and to make the power-related impact in early design stages visible. By deriving energy profiles, we provide software developers with valuable feedback, which may be used to identify energy bugs and evaluate power consumption-related requirements. To demonstrate the potential of our approach, we use a sensor node example to evaluate our concept and to identify its energy bugs.
Der Beitrag beschreibt das Veranstaltungskonzept ICMScrum, welches die Ideen des Inverted Classroom mit Elementen aus Scrum kombiniert. Beginnend mit Anforderungen des aktuellen und zukünftigen Arbeitsmarktes werden die zentralen Elemente der Methodik anhand eines praktizierten Beispiels vorgestellt und kritisch diskutiert.
Der Beitrag beschreibt als Werkstattbericht die Kombination des Inverted Classroom Modells mit der agilen Entwicklungsmethodik von Scrum zu einem Veranstaltungskonzept für ein Grundlagenfach der Informatik. Neben der fachspezifischen Lehre wird dadurch das Vorgehen die in der Informatik immer wichtiger werdende agile Entwicklungsmethodik zum überfachlichen Kompentenzerwerb adressiert. Der Beitrag stellt die Umsetzung der agilen Lehrmethodik vor und gibt erste Rückmeldungen aus Sicht von Studierenden und Lehrenden.
In this experimental work, the quasi static and fatigue properties of a 40 wt.% long carbon fiber reinforced partially aromatic polyamide (Grivory GCL-4H) were investigated. For this purpose, microstructural parameter variations in the form of different thicknesses and different removal directions from injectionmolded plates were evaluated. Mechanical properties decreased by increasing misalignment away from the melt flow direction. By changing the specimen thickness, no change in the general fiber distribution pattern transversal and normal to the axis of melt flow was observed. It has shown that with increasing specimen thickness the quasi static properties along the melt flow direction decreased and vice versa resulting in superior properties normal to the melt flow axis. At around 5 mm, an intersection suggests quasi-isotropic behavior. In addition, the fatigue strength of the material was significantly higher in the flow direction than normal to the flow direction. No change in fatigue life was observed while changing specimen thickness. The Basquin equation seems to describe the effect of stress amplitude on the fatigue strength of this composite. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate fracture surfaces of tested specimens. Results show that mechanical properties and morphological structures depend highly on fiber orientation.
Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) operates in the ISM band with 868 MHz, where the Time on Air (ToA) is regulated in the EU to 1 %. LoRaWAN nodes use the Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) algorithm to adapt their data rates during operation. The standard ADR algorithm works well with stationary nodes, however is very slow in the adaptation for mobile nodes. This paper introduces a new ADR algorithm for LoRaWAN that is supported by higher level meta-data for sensor streams, namely Quality of Information (QoI). With the help of QoI it is possible to provide additional information to the new ADR algorithm, reducing the convergence time and thus improving the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) of data from mobile sensor nodes. The new algorithm requires only modifications on network server side and keeps backwards compatibility with LoRaWAN nodes. Results show a significant better PDR compared to the standard ADR in scenarios with a limited number of mobile nodes.
Auf vielen Landmaschinen wird der CAN-Bus zur Übertragung von Daten zwischen Sensoren, Aktoren und Steuergeräten genutzt. Anwendungen wie Rückfahrkameras und Bird-ViewAnzeigen erfordern in der Regel zusätzliche, breitbandige Kommunikationskanäle. Dieser Beitrag untersucht, inwieweit ein gemeinschaftliches Kommunikationsmedium auf Basis von Ethernet zur Realisierung aktueller und zukünftiger Anwendungen auf Landmaschinen genutzt werden kann. Zusätzlich wird der Einsatz aktueller Technologien wie Audio/Video Bridging, Time-Sensitive Networking und Wifi auf einem Landmaschinengespann untersucht und bewertet.
Various overoxidized poly(1H-pyrrole) (PPy), poly(N-methylpyrrole) (PMePy) or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) membranes incorporated into an acrylate-based solid polymer electrolyte matrix (SPE) were directly electrosynthesized by a two-step in situ procedure. The aim was to extend and improve fundamental properties of pure SPE materials. The polymer matrix is based on the cross-linking of glycerol propoxylate (1PO/OH) triacrylate (GPTA) with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) as a conducting salt. A self-standing and flexible polymer electrolyte film is formed during the UV-induced photopolymerization of the acrylate precursors, followed by an electrochemical polymerization of the conducting polymers to form a 3D-IPN. The electrical conductivity of the conducting polymer is destroyed by electrochemical overoxidation in order to convert the conducting polymer into an ion-exchange membrane by introduction of electron-rich groups onto polymer units. The resulting polymer films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The results of this study show that the combination of a polyacrylate-matrix with ion selective properties of overoxidized CPs leads to new 3D materials with higher ionic conductivity than SPEs and separator or selective ion-exchange membrane properties with good stability by facile fabrication.
The simulation of the residual stress field achieved by shot peening cannot be carried out on component-large models. Hence, an efficient unit cell model for the simulation of the shot peening process is developed. The model allows both, the simple inclusion of a pre-stress and the evaluation of the up-arching of the Almen strip. For this purpose, generalized coupling constraints for the periodic boundaries of the unit cell are developed. These allow for displacement and rotation of the coupled boundaries relative to each other. In the coupling constraints, this is accomplished by respective variables, which can either be prescribed to the analysis or read out as a result from the analysis. Hence, the unit cell can expand, shear, bend and twist under driving forces like, e. g., residual stresses or thermal effects. At the same time, deformations of the cell’s periodic boundary pairs are kept congruent by the generalized coupling. The ability to cover expansion is novel regarding known periodic boundary conditions. Also, the application of a generalized unit cell to shot peening is new.
Results obtained with the generalized unit cell are displayed, demonstrating its capabilities: A fundamental analysis of the residual stress field from shot peening shows inhomogeneities at a fatigue relevant level to be inevitable. A validation of the model was done by comparison with experimental Almen strip shot peening tests reported in literature. Shot peening under pre-stress is demonstrated and its results in terms of residual stress are evaluated. The application of the generalized unit cell is not limited to shot peening.
Kugelstrahlen ist ein im Maschinenbau eingesetztes Verfahren zur Steigerung der Ermüdungsfestigkeit. Es wird z. B. bei hochbelasteten Komponenten in der Luft- und Raumfahrt, der Fahrzeugtechnik, im Turbomaschinenbau und weiteren Industriezweigen angewandt. Die Einstellung der Betriebsparameter der Kugelstrahlanalage findet üblicherweise mit kostenintensiven empirischen Versuchen statt, mit dem Ziel, die vorgegebene Druckeigenspannung zu erreichen. In [1, 2] wird auf der Basis einer dort beschriebenen neuartigen Elementarzelle vorgeschlagen, die Almenstreifenaufbiegung als Mittel zur Spezifikation der Verfestigung heranzuziehen. Dazu ist deren Simulation notwendig, welche sich mit der entwickelten Elementarzelle wirtschaftlich bewerkstelligen lässt. In der hier vorliegenden Veröffentlichung werden die der Elementarzelle zugrundeliegenden Finite-Elemente-Netze (FE-Netze) mithilfe von Einzelbe-schussversuchen validiert. Weiterhin wird eine ähnlichkeitsmechanische Betrachtung des Kugelstrahlprozesses zur vereinfachten Parametereinstellung vorgestellt.
With the increasing size and complexity of embedded systems, the impact of software on energy consumption is becoming more important. Previous research focused mainly on energy optimization at the hardware level. However, little research has been carried out regarding energy optimization at the software design level. This paper focuses on the software design level and addresses the gap between software and hardware design for embedded systems. This is achieved by proposing a framework for software design patterns, which takes aspects of power consumption and time behavior of the hardware level into account. We evaluate the expressiveness of the framework by applying it to well-known and novel design patterns. Furthermore, we introduce a dimensionless numerical efficiency factor to make possible energy savings quantifiable.
This paper presents an optimized algorithm for estimating static and dynamic gait parameters. We use a marker- and contact-less motion capture system that identifies 20 joints of a person walking along a corridor.
Based on the proposed gait cycle detection basic metrics as walking frequency, step/stride length, and support phases are estimated automatically. Applying a rigid body model, we are capable to calculate static and dynamic gait stability metrics. We conclude with initial results of a clinical study evaluating orthopaedic technical support.