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O presente estudo, de caráter teórico, objetivou analisar e discutir um possível código binário para o sistema de Enfermagem, no sentido de identificar o seu próprio saber, na perspectiva dos pressupostos teóricos de Niklas Luhmann. Apostar em uma comunicação funcionalmente diferenciada e socialmente relevante para o sistema de enfermagem implica em transcender o tradicional código saúde-doença, predominante no sistema de saúde e cuja comunicação socialmente relevante é a doença. Implica, ainda, em investir proativamente na promoção e proteção do viver saudável de indivíduos, famílias e comunidades, para que a saúde seja o ponto central das discussões e intervenções.
To ensure the quality of long-term care services has been one of the key elements of German long-term care insurance since its implementation in 1995. A joint agreement between insurers and service providers served as the baseline for quality assurance. Monitoring and control of quality in institutional and home based long-term care was performed by the insurers’ Medical Board. As a result of problems in some long-term care facilities reported in the media the Long-term Care System Reform Act of 2008 contained several provisions to ensure and improve the quality of services. The obligatory use of expert standards for the performance of particular nursing interventions and the establishment of a system of public reporting were the first measures implemented. The development of quality indicators has also been initiated. These routes to quality, their anticipated effects and remaining challenges will be addressed in this article.
Empreendedorismo social : translação de saberes e práticas em estudantes de enfermagem no Brasil
(2018)
Enquadramento: As diretrizes curriculares brasileiras para os cursos de graduação em saúde estimulam atividades socialmente empreendedoras, preconizando a formação de profissionais reflexivos. Logo, é ecessário reforçar as habilidades profissionais para desenvolver estas atividades sociais durante a formação académica.
Objetivo: Compreender o significado para os estudantes brasileiros de enfermagem de atividades socialmente empreendedoras, desenvolvidas numa associação de reciclagem.
Metodologia: Recorreu-se à abordagem da Grounded Theory neste estudo. Os dados foram recolhidos entre 2016 e 2017, entrevistando 25 estudantes e 4 trabalhadores de uma associação de reciclagem no Sul do Brasil.
Resultados: Inicialmente os alunos demonstraram distanciamento e preconceito, depois indignação e inconformidade e, por fim, uma mudança no modo de pensar e agir. Três categorias resultaram das entrevistas: Desconstruir e construir o preconceito; Conhecimento e as práticas; e Promover transformações.
Conclusão: O significado das atividades de empreendedorismo social configurou-se como um processo de desconstrução, construção e reconstrução do conhecimento pré-planeado. O seu significado transcende as fronteiras pessoais e sociais e possibilita um movimento de aproximação, identificação e translação de conhecimentos e práticas.
Die Expertenstandards für die Pflege des Deutschen Netzwerks für Qualitätsentwicklung in der Pflege haben sich mittlerweile als weithin akzeptiertes Instrument für eine evidenzbasierte Pflegepraxis in Deutschland etabliert. Aufgrund ihrer hohen Bedeutung bedarf ihre Entwicklung eines wissenschaftlich fundierten methodischen Vorgehens, durch das sichergestellt ist, dass die Standards jeweils den aktuellen Stand der relevanten Erkenntnisse widerspiegeln. In diesem Beitrag wird ausgeführt, wie sich das methodische Vorgehen zur Entwicklung der Expertenstandards entwickelt hat und welcher Wissensgrundlagen es sich bedient. Es wird herausgearbeitet, dass der Rückgriff auf empirisches Wissen allein nicht ausreichend ist, um Wirksamkeit und Akzeptanz der Standards sicherzustellen. Vielmehr bedarf es der Integration verschiedener Wissensbestände in einem wechselseitigen Prozess, bevor ein Expertenstandard als professionell abgestimmtes Leistungsniveau veröffentlicht werden kann.
Aims and Objectives:
Preventive home visits are a low-threshold counselling and support approach. They have been reported to achieve heterogeneous effects. However, preventive home visits have the potential to reduce the risk of becoming dependent on long-term care. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of preventive home visits as a nursing intervention on health-related quality of life of older people in a longitudinal survey and to develop recommendations for which target groups preventive home visits have the highest benefit. The sample consisted of 75 people, aged between 65 and 85, who were able to understand and speak German, had not yet been eligible for benefits from the long-term care insurance and lived in the municipality under study.
Methodological Design and Justification:
A quantitative longitudinal study in order to investigate the effects of preventive home visits.
Ethical Issues and Approval:
There were no ethical concerns. Accordingly, ethical approval was granted.
Research Methods, Results and Conclusions:
The health-related quality of life was recorded four times between 01/2017 and 08/2020 with the Short-Form- Health- Survey- 12 and analysed using descriptive statistics. Results reveal that the physical health status cannot be easily influenced over a short period of time. The main effect, however, is that preventive home visits have a significant positive effect on the mental health status. The main topics during the home visits were mobility, nutrition and social participation. Increased knowledge and motivation for preventive behaviour extended the autonomy of older people. Accordingly, preventive home visits can support a self-determined life in a familiar environment. The results of the present study show that preventive home visits as a nursing intervention in rural areas are successful. In Germany, preventive home visits have not yet been implemented on a regular basis. In order to do so, a general definition of the concept is needed. Preventive home visits should be officially included in the regular health care services in Germany.
Hintergrund
Demografisch bedingt wird sich die Anzahl pflegebedürftiger Menschen weiter erhöhen. Tragende Säule der pflegerischen Versorgung sind ihre Angehörigen, die den Großteil der Pflegeaufgaben übernehmen. Dies hat jedoch oftmals Auswirkungen auf ihre eigene Gesundheit und ihr Wohlbefinden.
Methodisches Vorgehen
Mit dem Fragebogen zur Angehörigenresilienz und -belastung (FARBE) liegt ein Instrument vor, um sowohl die Resilienz als auch Belastung pflegender Angehöriger zu ermitteln. Der Fragebogen wurde im Rahmen der Pflegestudie des VdK-Sozialverbands genutzt und von 12.475 Angehörigen komplett ausgefüllt. Durch eine multiple lineare Regression wurden Einflüsse und ihre Wirkstärke auf die Resilienz und Belastung analysiert.
Ergebnisse
Angehörige von Menschen mit Demenz, Depression oder hohem Pflegegrad weisen eine stärkere Belastung auf. Demenz und Depression mindern zudem die Resilienz. Positiv wirkt sich die soziale Unterstützung aus. Ebenso bedingt ein höheres Alter eine stärkere Resilienz.
Schlussfolgerungen
Im Ergebnis dieser Arbeit gelang eine Identifikation von relevanten Einflussfaktoren. Dies ermöglicht, Unterstützungs- und Entlastungsangebote auf ihre Anwendung und Wirksamkeit zu überprüfen. Besondere Bedeutung haben Unterstützungsangebote für Angehörige von Menschen mit Demenz, Depression und/oder höheren Pflegegraden. Stressreduzierende Maßnahmen und das Bilden sozialer Netzwerke für Angehörige können weitere Maßnahmen zur Stärkung der Resilienz und Abschwächung von Belastung sein.