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Повышение эффективности снятия покровной ткани с плодов томата импульсным электрическим полем
(2022)
Electrophysical technologies are a global trend of sustainable agriculture and food industry. Peeling is an energy-intensive procedure of fruit and vegetable processing. The research featured the effect of pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment on tomato peeling effectiveness. The assessment included such factors as specific effort, energy costs, and product losses in comparison with thermal and electrophysical methods. Tomatoes of Aurora variety underwent a PEF treatment at 1 kV/cm. The expended specific energy was 1, 5, and 10 kJ/kg. The tomatoes were visually evaluated with optical microscopy before and after processing. The peeling effectiveness and mass loss were measured with a texture analyzer and digital scales. The PEF treatment decreased the specific force of mechanical peel removal by 10% (P < 0.05). The mass loss decreased by 4% (P < 0.05) at 1 kJ/kg. The PEF method resulted in cell electroporation, which activated the internal mass transfer of moisture from the endocarp region between the mesocarp and the integumentary tissue. The hydrostatic pressure produced a layer of liquid, which facilitated the peeling. In comparison with thermal treatment (blanching), ohmic heating, and ultrasonic processing, the PEF technology had the lowest production losses and energy costs. The research proves the prospects of the PEF treatment in commercial tomato processing.
Wieviel Wasser säuft die Sau
(2022)
Who is more eager to use Gamification in Economic Disciplines? Comparison of Students and Educators
(2022)
Background: In this paper, the focus is on the application of digital and mobile technologies as supporting tools for the implementation of gamification in the field of education of future economists. Objectives: The paper's main objective is to explore whether educators and students are motivated and willing to apply additional technologies as main gamification components in their work and education. Moreover, the paper aims to assess how their more comprehensive application affects the quality of teaching, work flexibility, new learning opportunities, and outcomes. Methods/Approach: The survey method was used to collect answers from educators and students primarily interested in accounting, finance, trade and tourism from higher and secondary education institutions in Croatia, Poland, Serbia and Germany. Afterwards, the responses were compared using statistical methods. Results: Research results confirm that educators and students are willing to use gamification in teaching. Still, they also expressed the need for better administrative support in using particular e-learning tools. Surprisingly, educators are more eager to use gamification in their work than students. Conclusions: The study's general conclusion is that educators and students are both aware of the advantages of using e-learning tools provided through digital and mobile technologies and are eager to implement more gamification in the teaching process. However, continuous education in applying new digital technologies is needed on both sides.
In the context of the ongoing digitization of interdisciplinary subjects, the need for digital literacy is increasing in all areas of everyday life. Furthermore, communication between science and society is facing new challenges, not least since the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to deal with these challenges and to provide target-oriented online teaching, new educational concepts for the transfer of knowledge to society are necessary. In the transfer project “Zukunftslabor Gesundheit” (ZLG), a didactic concept for the creation of E-Learning classes was developed. A key factor for the didactic concept is addressing heterogeneous target groups to reach the broadest possible spectrum of participants. The concept has already been used for the creation of the first ZLG E-Learning courses. This article outlines the central elements of the developed didactic concept and addresses the creation of the ZLG courses. The courses created so far appeal to different target groups and convey diverse types of knowledge at different levels of difficulty.
The impact of Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) on the peeling ability of different fruits and vegetables in particular tomatoes, peaches, peppers, and oranges were investigated. Samples were exposed to a fixed electric field strength of 2.15 kV/cm. The specific energy ranged from 0.6 kJ/kg to 50.3 kJ/kg. The treated raw materials were analysed regarding to the peeling ability, skin size and weight and firmness. The best result for tomatoes at a specific energy of 1.2 kJ/kg induced a high score of peeling ability that led to less product loss and could therefore increase the yield by 33.84%–41.53% compared to untreated samples. Moreover, an increased skin size by a factor of 3.7 was observed. However, PEF had no significant impact on peeling ability of oranges, peppers, and peaches. Although oranges showed an improvement in peeling ability by up to 32%, this cannot be traced back to the PEF treatment. The different properties and structures of the raw materials were discussed and provided indications about the limitation of PEF.
Intensive care units (ICU) are often overflooded with alarms from monitoring devices which constitutes a hazard to both staff and patients. To date, the suggested solutions to excessive monitoring alarms have remained on a research level. We aimed to identify patient characteristics that affect the ICU alarm rate with the goal of proposing a straightforward solution that can easily be implemented in ICUs. Alarm logs from eight adult ICUs of a tertiary care university-hospital in Berlin, Germany were retrospectively collected between September 2019 and March 2021. Adult patients admitted to the ICU with at least 24 h of continuous alarm logs were included in the study. The sum of alarms per patient per day was calculated. The median was 119. A total of 26,890 observations from 3205 patients were included. 23 variables were extracted from patients' electronic health records (EHR) and a multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association of patient characteristics and alarm rates. Invasive blood pressure monitoring (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4.68, 95%CI 4.15–5.29, p < 0.001), invasive mechanical ventilation (aOR 1.24, 95%CI 1.16–1.32, p < 0.001), heart failure (aOR 1.26, 95%CI 1.19–1.35, p < 0.001), chronic renal failure (aOR 1.18, 95%CI 1.10–1.27, p < 0.001), hypertension (aOR 1.19, 95%CI 1.13–1.26, p < 0.001), high RASS (aOR 1.22, 95%CI 1.18–1.25, p < 0.001) and scheduled surgical admission (aOR 1.22, 95%CI 1.13–1.32, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with a high alarm rate. Our study suggests that patient-specific alarm management should be integrated in the clinical routine of ICUs. To reduce the overall alarm load, particular attention regarding alarm management should be paid to patients with invasive blood pressure monitoring, invasive mechanical ventilation, heart failure, chronic renal failure, hypertension, high RASS or scheduled surgical admission since they are more likely to have a high contribution to noise pollution, alarm fatigue and hence compromised patient safety in ICUs.
The impact of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) processing pre-treatment on the texture and kinetics of in vitro starch digestibility of French fries made from two potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.) containing dry matter content ranging from 19 to 22% was investigated. Whole and steam-peeled potato tubers were treated with a pilot scale PEF unit (electric field strength of 1.1 and 1.9 kV/cm with energy input <10 kJ/kg or ∼50 kJ/kg). This trial was carried out in a commercial French-fry plant using an industrial scale cutter, blancher, fryer and blast-freezer to prepare the frozen par-fried French fry samples. After subsequent final batch frying of the frozen fries, at 180 °C for 3 min to mimic the typical preparation practice at restaurant, retail and household, the outer crust of the fries produced from PEF-treated potatoes was significantly harder (9.4–16.3 N) than crust produced from untreated potatoes (6.9–8.5 N). High intensity (1.9 kV/cm with energy input ∼50 kJ/kg) PEF processing was found to cause defects (i.e. hollowness in the internal core) in the fries. A fractional conversion model was a good fit for the starch digestion kinetics of all French fry samples during the small intestinal phase (based on standardised INFOGEST static in vitro digestion assay). A lower % of total starch hydrolysis was predicted for French fries produced from high dry matter (>21%) tubers pretreated with PEF at electric field strength of 1.9 kV/cm. The findings generated in this study demonstrate PEF pretreatment may influence the texture of French fries and the extent of starch digestion that occurs.
Background
The aim of this qualitative study was to identify a practice level model that could explain a sustained change in nutritional behavior.
Methods
The study used three data inputs from four interviewees, one merged input from a married couple, as narrative interviews. The interviews were analyzed using grounded theory.
Results
Coexistence of a certain suffering and a triggering episode lead to the decision to change nutritional life-style by all interviewed. Maintenance of the self-determined newly learned nutritional behavior was supported by subject-related intrinsic motivation, the ability to reflect, and a low expectation of success from the behavioral change. Environment-related factors were identified as support from life-partner and peers. Subjects reported that the sustained nutritional behavior change impacted their holistic health through subject-perceived improved life quality, increase in the number of social contacts, and a change in personal attitudes and perception. The analysis remains limited, and at best hypothesis generating, in that only three data inputs from four interviewees were used.
Conclusion
In this hypothesis-generating narrative interview study of four study subjects, volition, personal decision making, and long-term motivation (though not external determination) seemed to sustain a change in newly learned nutritional behavior.
Der vorliegende Beitrag fokussiert die Bedeutung Nachhaltigkeitsorientierter Unternehmenskultur für den Einsatz von künstlicher Intelligenz im Marketing. Spezifischer skizzieren wir die Einflussmöglichkeiten auf den Einsatz nachhaltiger künstlicher Intelligenz zur Förderung des Sustainable Development Goals 12 (Nachhaltige/r Produktion & Konsum). In einem diskursiven Ansatz führt dieser Beitrag Erkenntnisse aus der Literatur zur nachhaltigkeitsorientierten Unternehmenskultur, nachhaltigen künstlicher Intelligenz und dem Nachhaltigkeitsmarketing zusammen und bildet diese mithilfe des St. Galler Managementmodells ab.
Background
Citizen energy cooperatives (CECOs) are an important element for realising the transformation of the European energy system from a central system, dominated by a few market players to a decentralized system with the participation of many citizens, in which energy supply is largely based on renewable energy sources. This article identifies success factors that ensure a working organization that is capable of implementing projects to support the energy transition and improving the well-being of citizens.
Methods
The aim of this study is to identify success factors using the example of CECOs in north western Germany through a two-step process. The first step is a literature review to identify success factors of CECOs. Second, 12 semi-structured expert interviews with managers of CECOs are conducted and evaluated by means of a qualitative content analysis. The interviews identified the success factors and barriers of CECOs. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The coding process was carried out using a qualitative data analysis software (ATLAS.ti 8.4.5,).
Results
The results show that three factors particular should be present, but can influence each other, to lead to successful CECOs: (1) the CECOs require business models with low complexity, as business models that span different stages of the value chain can overwhelm organizational managers. (2) Committed key individuals must be found and promoted. They need the support of the members. (3) Social and ecological principles are the core values of CECOs. The maintenance and strengthening of social–ecological credibility must be promoted in the public perception.
Conclusions
The results show that CECOs emerge from a strong social cohesion in a society. In addition, local "key individuals" need to be identified and supported. To this end, the framework conditions (e.g., policy, legislation, municipal support, etc.) must be adapted in such a way that these "key individuals" in CECOs are not overburdened. The analysis of the interviews also revealed that political or regulatory barriers are often cited as obstacles to the implementation of community energy projects.
Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Wirksamkeit von Nudging, Boosting und Empowerment in der Gesundheitsvorsorge. Hierfür wurde die Einstellung von jungen, ernährungsbewussten
Studentinnen gegenüber vorgestellten Nudging-, Boostingund Empowerment-Maßnahmen zur gesünderen Ernährung untersucht.
Der vorliegende Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit der Wirksamkeit von Nudging, Boosting und Empowerment in der Gesundheitsvorsorge. Hierfür wurde im Rahmen einer Bachelorarbeit eine Gruppendiskussion durchgeführt und die Einstellung von jungen, ernährungsbewussten Studentinnen gegenüber vorgestellten Nudging-, Boosting- und Empowerment-Maßnahmen zur gesünderen Ernährung untersucht. Die Diskussion wurde anhand einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet, und darauf aufbauend wurden theoretisch und empirisch fundierte Handlungsempfehlungen entwickelt. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen, dass keine der präsentierten Maßnahmen allein dazu motiviert, sich gesünder zu ernähren. Die Wirksamkeit hängt bei allen Konzepten maßgeblich von der Gestaltung der Maßnahmen, dem eigenen Aufwand und den mitgebrachten Voraussetzungen der Individuen ab. So greift der Nudge nicht mehr bei bereits bewussten Verbraucher*innen, und der Boost verzeichnet bei höherem eigenen Aufwand trotzdem keine deutlich höhere Wirksamkeit. Lediglich der Empowerment-Maßnahme wird eine langfristige Wirksamkeit zugeordnet, allerdings ist sie mit dem höchsten Aufwand verbunden. Auf Basis der Forschungserkenntnisse lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass ein Methoden-Mix aus kurzfristig und langfristig wirksamen kommunikativen Maßnahmen einen Weg darstellt, verschiedene Zielgruppen zu erreichen und zu gesünderer Ernährung zu motivieren.
Adventitious root (AR) formation is the basis of vegetative propagation in rose, be it via stem cuttings or via stenting. During this process, wounding plays a pivotal role since cell reprogramming takes place at the tissue adjacent to the wound. We investigated the effects of wounding on AR formation on leafy single-node stem cuttings of the rose rootstock R. canina ‘Pfänder’ (codes R02-3 and R02-6) and the cut rose cultivar Rosa ‘Tan09283’ (Registration name ‘Beluga’). Laser wounding treatments were based on the assisted removal of tissue layers located in the bark. The positioning of wounding was studied based on two marking directions: along the cutting base (strip pattern) and around the cutting base (ring pattern). Additionally, the effects of external supply of indole-butyric acid (IBA 1 mg L-1) on rootingwere analyzed. Results showedthat inorder toremovespecific tissue layers, the calculation of the laser energy density (J cm-2) in terms of cutting diameter was necessary. Interestingly, the application of energy densities from 2.5 J cm-2 up to approximately 8.5 J cm-2 were sufficient to expose the tissue layers of epidermis up to regions of phloem. Regarding AR formation for R. canina ‘Pfänder’, characterized by a low rooting response, an increase in the rooting percentage was registered when the laser treatment eliminated the tissue up to phloem proximities. Analysis of the nodal position showed that bud location was a preferential place for AR formation independently of wounding treatment. In case of Rosa ‘Tan09283’, laser treatments did not reduce its high rooting capacity, but an apparent reduction in rooting quality due to an investment in tissue healing was observed when wounding reached deeper layers such as parenchyma and sclerenchyma. Results also showeda strongARformation directly fromwounded regions in case of Rosa ‘Tan09283’ specifically when the woundwas located below the axillary bud. In conclusion, wounding by assisted-elimination of layers by laser can induce positive effects on AR formation of single-node stemcuttings of the rose if energy applied is able to expose phloemproximities,a longitudinalorientation, and relative position to the axillary bud are considered.
Freshwater ecosystems host disproportionately high numbers of species relative to their surface area yet are poorly protected globally. We used data on the distribution of 1631 species of aquatic plant, mollusc, odonate and fish in 18,816 river and lake catchments in Europe to establish spatial conservation priorities based on the occurrence of threatened, rangerestricted and endemic species using the Marxan systematic conservation planning tool. We found that priorities were highest for rivers and ancient lakes in S Europe, large rivers and lakes in E and N Europe, smaller lakes in NW Europe and karst/limestone areas in the Balkans, S France and central Europe. The a priori inclusion of well-protected catchments resulted in geographically more balanced priorities and better coverage of threatened (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable) species. The a priori exclusion of well-protected catchments showed that priority areas that need further conservation interventions are in S and E Europe. We developed three ways to evaluate the correspondence between conservation priority and current protection by assessing whether a cathment has more (or less) priority given its protection level relative to all other catchments. Each method found that priority relative to protection was high in S and E Europe and generally low in NW Europe. The inclusion of hydrological connectivity had little influence on these patterns but decreased the coverage of threatened species, indicating a trade-off between connectivity and conservation of threatened species. Our results suggest that catchments in S and E Europe need urgent conservation attention (protected areas, restoration, management, species protection) in the face of imminent threats such as river regulation, dam construction, hydropower development and climate change. Our study presents continental-scale conservation priorities for freshwater ecosystems in ecologically meaningful planning units and will thus be important in freshwater biodiversity conservation policy and practice, and water management in Europe.
Dieser Artikel setzt sich anhand eines Beispiels mit der Frage auseinander, welchen Beitrag soziale Medien für die Pflege des kollektiven Gedächtnisses leisten und welche Risiken mit dem Einsatz von sozialen Medien in der Erinnerungskultur einhergehen. Anhand des Instagram-Projekts @ichbinsophiescholl vom SWR und BR wurden die Vor- und Nachteile von sozialen Medien unter Berücksichtigung von wissenschaftlichen Publikationen diskutiert. Zehn Monate lang, von Mai 2021 bis Februar 2022, konnten Instagram-Nutzer das Leben einer fiktiven Sophie Scholl verfolgen. Durch Storytelling und die Kombination aus fiktiven und realen Inhalten versuchten die Projektverantwortlichen, die Geschichte der Widerstandskämpferin auf dem Instagram-Kanal @ichbinsophiescholl zu erzählen. Aufgrund von fehlenden Quellenangaben und dem Verzicht darauf, fiktive Inhalte kenntlich zu machen, wurde das Projekt kritisiert. Der Vorwurf, dass das Projekt ein falsches Bild von Sophie Scholl erschafft, wurde laut. Damit trifft die Sorge, dass in sozialen Medien nicht immer zwischen anerkannter Geschichtsdarstellung, Fiktion oder Unwahrheit unterschieden werden kann, auch auf @ichbinsophiescholl zu. Es ist noch ein langer Weg, bis solche Projekte einen wertvollen Beitrag zum Erhalt der Erinnerungskultur beitragen können, ohne Gefahr zu laufen, Geschichte falsch oder unangemessen darzustellen. Um herauszufinden, wie Erinnerungsprojekte aufgebaut sein müssen, um als sinnvoller Beitrag zum kollektiven Gedächtnis wahrgenommen zu werden und eine Balance zwischen dem aktuellen Zeitgeist und einer trivialisierenden Darstellung zu finden, werden weitere wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen benötigt.
Shredlage für Masttiere?
(2022)
Der vorliegende Aufsatz untersucht den Einfluss körperorientierter Influencer-Kommunikation auf die Rezipienten. Hierfür wurde im Rahmen einer Bachelorarbeit ergründet, inwiefern die Inhalte zu Verhaltensänderungen führen und wie sie sich auf die Körperwahrnehmung der Rezipienten auswirken. Die Forschung fußt auf der Theorie des sozialen Vergleichs. In einer quantitativen Inhaltsanalyse wurde kategorisiert, welche körperorientierten Influencer-Inhalte die Probandinnen sehen. Auf dieser Grundlage bauen die anschließenden Leitfadeninterviews auf. Sie wurden mithilfe einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse ausgewertet. Die Erkenntnisse belegen Teile der Theorie des sozialen Vergleichs. Auch stimmen sie mit aktuellen Forschungsergebnissen überein, die den Einfluss körperorientierter Influencer-Kommunikation untersuchen. Die Probandinnen erfahren überwiegend aufwärtsgerichtete, soziale Vergleiche mit den Influencer-Inhalten. Sowohl bei Inhalten, die das geltende Schönheitsideal unterstreichen, als auch bei solchen, die Selbstliebe und Akzeptanz äußerlicher Makel kommunizieren. Die Inhalte beeinflussen Verhaltensweisen der Rezipienten, besonders hinsichtlich sportlicher Aktivitäten sowie dem Umgang mit dem eigenen Körper. Der Einfluss variiert von einer positiven bis zu einer deutlich negativen Wirkung. Abhängig ist dies von Inhaltsform und zugehöriger Vergleichsrichtung: Stark aufwärtsgerichtete Vergleiche haben einen deutlich negativeren Einfluss auf die Rezipienten, als nur leicht aufwärtsgerichtete oder gleichgestellte soziale Vergleiche. Diese extremen Aufwärtsvergleiche werden besonders von Influencer-Inhalten hervorgerufen, die das geltende Schönheitsideal verkörpern. Für die Praxis bedeuten die Ergebnisse, dass körperorientierte Kommunikation deutlich bewusster und mit Blick auf das Wohlbefinden der Rezipienten geschehen muss. Auch geben sie Anlass zu weiterer Forschung: Besonders interessant wäre es, den Abwärtsvergleich zu Influencern eingehender zu untersuchen.
The energy transition can be mapped on four levels. While industry and the state should act on the national and international level, most of the energy transition is taking place at the regional and municipal levels. Here the small-scale and decentralized nature of the new energy world is reflected, where customized individual solutions are created.
A project was initiated to apply dietary CP reduction under commercial conditions. The main objective was to demonstrate and validate that dietary CP can be reduced without compromising broiler performance in a production system which is already rather efficient. In addition, we wanted to demonstrate the potential of dietary CP reduction on reducing N-excretions especially in the context of German revised regulations and monitoring attempts. Finally, as previous research suggested, few further aspects such as impact of dietary CP reduction on litter quality and quantity, footpad health, change of ingredient inclusion levels and related impact on sustainability impact factors were evaluated.
Duckweeds are fast-growing and nutritious plants, which are gaining increased attention in different fields of application. Especially for animal nutrition, alternative protein sources are needed to substitute soybean meal. The current bottleneck is the standardized production of biomass, which yields stable quantities of a defined product quality. To solve this problem, an indoor vertical farm (IVF) for duckweed biomass production was developed. It consists of nine vertically stacked basins with a total production area of 25.5 m2. The nutrient solution, a modified N-medium, re-circulated within the IVF with a maximum flow rate of 10 L min−1. Nutrients were automatically added based on electrical conductivity. In contrast, ammonium was continuously supplied. A water temperature of 23 °C and a light intensity of 105 μmol m−2 s−1 with a photoperiod of 12:12 h were applied. During a 40-day production phase, a total of 35.6 kg of fresh duckweed biomass (equals 2.1 kg of dried product) was harvested from the IVF. On average, 0.9 kg day−1 of fresh biomass was produced. The dried product contained 32% crude protein (CP) and high levels of proteinogenic amino acids (e.g. lysine: 5.42 g, threonine: 3.85 g and leucine: 7.59 g/100 g CP). Biomass of this quality could be used as a protein feed alternative to soybean meal. The described IVF represents a modular model system for duckweed biomass production in a controlled environment and further innovations and upscaling processes.
The impact of pulsed light (PL) treatment on naturally occurring microorganisms, mycotoxins, and on physicochemical properties in red pepper powder was investigated. Powder samples were exposed to different PL treatments up to 61 pulses, with fluence ranging from 1.0 to 9.1 J/cm2. The highest fluence applied (9.1 J/cm2, 61 pulses, 20 s) resulted in 2.7, 3.1, and 4.1 log CFU/g reduction of yeasts, molds, and total plate counts (TPC), where initial microbial loads were 4.6, 5.5, and 6.5 log CFU/g, respectively. At the same fluence intensity, a maximum reduction of 67.2, 50.9, and 36.9% of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), total aflatoxins (AF), and ochratoxin A (OTA) were detected, respectively. Proportional increase in temperature of the samples was observed from the absorbed PL energy, reaching maximum of 59.8°C. The inactivation of investigated microorganisms and mycotoxins followed first-order kinetics (R2 > 0.95). The fluence intensity at 6.9 and 9.1 J/cm2 did not cause degradation, but rather a significant (p < .05) and apparent increase of total phenols. Total color difference (ΔE*) revealed only “slight differences,” compared to the untreated sample. In conclusion, higher reduction of microbial load and mycotoxins in red pepper powder could be achieved, when higher treatment intensity was applied. This suggests the PL as a potential technology for decontamination of red pepper powder and other spice powders.
Complete diets for laying hens are usually offered in meal form. This form initially promotes the laying hens’ natural feed intake behavior and allows them to satisfy their pecking behavior. At the same time, it can also cause difficulties, because it consists of different particles and is not a homogeneous unit. A homogeneous mixture is essential to ensure that each laying hen in the flock can meet its nutritional needs. If feed exhibits a wide particle size distribution, this can promote feed segregation during transport and selective feed intake behavior of laying hens. These two processes sometimes lead to significant differences between the composition of the feed produced and the composition of the feed that is finally ingested by the laying hens. Multi-stage sampling can be used to investigate progressing differences in feed composition. In this study, samples of different complete diets for laying hens (n = 76) were collected from ten organic farms in Germany to examine their particle size distributions (dry sieve analysis). Samples were taken at four different locations (V1 = loading, V2 = silo, V3 = at the beginning of the feed chain, V4 = at the end of the feed chain) in each farm. There was a tendency for V1 and V2 to be characterized by high proportions of particles between 1400 and 3150 µm (V1 = 61.2%, V2 = 43.5%). V3 and V4 consisted mainly of particles of size 500–800 µm and 200–400 µm, respectively. The lowest proportions across all variants were in the range above 3150 µm (V1 = 2.20%, V2 = 1.30%, V3 = 1.00%, V4 = 0.400%) and between 400 and 500 µm (V1 = 2.50%, V2 = 4.50%, V3 = 5.70%, V4 = 6.60%). The mean value comparison of the proportions of sieve mesh sizes from 200 to 1000 µm resulted in: V1 < V2 < V3 < V4; and of sieve mesh sizes between 1400 and 2000 µm in: V1 > V2 > V3 > V4. This observation can be explained by segregation of the feed during transport and a selective feeding behavior of the laying hens. However, trends were discontinuous and varied between the farms. Deviations from the guideline values were found in particular for particle sizes in the range of 1000 to 1400 µm.
Over the past decade, the proliferation of entrepreneurial ventures and small firms with sustainable business models have pushed the sustainability agenda in the fashion industry. Despite prominent success stories, these companies often encounter significant operative challenges that hinder growth or even cause business failure. This paper adopts a qualitative research design and uses data gathered during 18 expert interviews with entrepreneurs and executive managers of 18 firms from 13 countries to identify and explore the dominant challenges that micro- and small-sized sustainable fashion companies struggle with. The results indicate that communicating with consumers is perceived as surprisingly difficult, especially because sustainable brands need to justify higher prices and explain the added benefits of their products. Second, resource constraints lead to operative friction and overburdening of the decision makers and their small management teams. Third, sustainable sourcing and production processes are economically difficult in an industry that continues to occupy a mass and low-cost logic. Against the background of these insights, a range of managerial recommendations are developed and contextualized in the framework of the Business Model Canvas. This novel approach makes the suggestions which are rooted in the resource-based view actionable and supports sustainable businesses to better manage their operations and achieve growth. For example, collaborative approaches with different stakeholders may mitigate constraints across all three identified problem areas.
The present study investigates properties of heat-induced, self-standing gels of globular proteins. Native egg white protein (EWP) with 9,8 wt% protein and 0,395 wt% NaCl content was adjusted to pH = 7,0 and heated from 25 to 85 °C via Ohmic heating (OH) and conventional heating (COV) with respective come-up times (CUT, 240 and 1200 s) and holding times (HOLD, 30 and 900 s). Gels heated under OH showed lower denaturation levels and less water holding capacity. When HOLD was short, the firmness of OH gels exceeded COV gel firmness but deceeded at long HOLD. Similarly, at short HOLD OH samples presented higher hydrophobic interactions whereas at long HOLD COV gels showed more hydrophobic interactions. This correlated with changes of intermolecular beta-sheet structures which increased with HOLD at COV but decreased or remained unchanged during OH. Furthermore, as an SDS-PAGE revealed the main EWP, ovalbumin, did not fully denature when heated via OH, this lead to the assumption that the oscillatory electric field partially interferes the complete denaturation and development of intermolecular beta-sheet structures and hydrophobic interactions during thermal gelation of this protein. Scanning electron microscopy also showed deviances in network structures between OH and COV as COV gels exhibited a denser and OH gels a more open and porous network structure.
Der Schwerpunkt des vorliegenden Papiers liegt auf der Nachfrageseite. In realen Labors verwenden wir einen standardisierten empirischen Ansatz, um verschiedene Nudging-Maßnahmen aus dem Bereich der physischen Umwelt und des Entscheidungsprozesses der Verbraucher zu vergleichen. Wir vergleichen die Auswirkungen ein und derselben Maßnahme in verschiedenen Umgebungen und die Auswirkungen verschiedener, aufeinander folgender Nudging-Maßnahmen in derselben Umgebung. Die Daten wurden in acht Betriebs- und Schulkantinen in Deutschland in zwei Projektdurchläufen (2016/2017; 2019/2020) erhoben. Es wurde ein ähnliches Interventionskonzept angewandt. Die Vergleichbarkeit wurde durch eine harmonisierte Speisekarte gewährleistet. Die erste Iteration des Projekts ergab, dass nur ein Nudge (oberste Menüposition, +22,5 %) zu einem signifikanten Anstieg der Wahl nachhaltiger Lebensmittel führte, während die Ergebnisse der zweiten Iteration zeigten, dass alle Nudge-Interventionen (beste Thekenposition, +11,6 %; oberste Menüposition, +6,9 %; Etikett plus Informationen, +15,9 %) die Wahl der Verbraucher positiv beeinflussten. Mögliche Erklärungen wie die striktere Einhaltung des Versuchsplans in den Cafeterien, aber auch gesellschaftliche Entwicklungen wie das Aufkommen der Fridays for Future-Bewegung werden diskutiert. Da die Ergebnisse je nach Standort und Umfeld variieren, legen unsere Ergebnisse nahe, dass Nudges situativen Bedingungen angepasst werden müssen, um die höchste Wirksamkeit zu erzielen.
Background
Spinach is a nitrogen (N) demanding crop with a weekly N uptake of up to 60 kg ha–1. Consequently, a high N supply is required, which can temporarily lead to high quantities of nitrate (NO3–) being at risk of leaching.
Aims
The objective of this study was to develop a N fertilization approach to reduce the risk of NO3– leaching in field-grown spinach production without adversely affecting crop yield and quality at an early and late harvest stage.
Methods
Ten fertilization trials were conducted to compare different base fertilization rates and splits of top dressings. For top dressings, granulated fertilizers or foliar sprays were used. In a further treatment, N supply was reduced by withholding the second top dressing of 50–70 kg ha−1.
Results
Nitrate concentration at risk of leaching was considerably reduced by decreasing the base fertilizer rate as well as by splitting the top dressing. However, at an early harvest stage, total aboveground dry mass was reduced by, on average, 6% by these measures across all seasons. In contrast, at a later harvest stage, spinach was less affected by the fertilizer schedule. Urea foliar sprays proved to be insufficient in promoting plant growth and caused leaf necrosis. A reduced N supply led to impaired plant growth and yellowish leaves in both spring and winter.
Conclusions
Base N fertilization of spinach is only required in spring, but not in other seasons. Despite slight yield reduction, the top dressing should be split to reduce the risk of NO3− leaching after an early harvest.
Obwohl sich die Anforderungen im Sport und dem Musizieren ähneln, ist die Musikerphysiotherapie längst nicht so entwickelt wie die Sportphysiotherapie. Dabei lassen sich die sogenannten „Performance-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders“ erfolgreich mit Manueller Therapie oder Physiotherapie, z. B. mit Hilfe einer Bewegungsanalyse, therapieren. Prof. Dr. med. Christoff Zalpour gibt einen Überblick über das Feld der Musikerphysiotherapie, deren Potenzial noch lange nicht vollends erschlossen ist.
Dieser Aufsatz soll auf Grundlage einer quantitativen Online-Befragung diskutieren, inwiefern digitale Nudges zur Reduzierung der Smartphone-Nutzung als wirksam eingeschätzt werden und welche Mechanismen ihre eingeschätzte Wirkung beeinflussen.
Die COVID-19-Pandemie hat das Online- Verhalten der Deutschen noch einmal deutlich in die Höhe getrieben. Mit der gestiegenen medialen Internetnutzung (um 21 Minuten pro Tag) ist auch das Smartphone zu einem immer wichtigeren Begleiter im Alltag geworden. Doch immer mehr Menschen wollen einen Rückwärtsgang einlegen und bewusst ihr digitales Konsumverhalten einschränken. Da heutzutage vermehrt Entscheidungen auf digitalen Endgeräten getroffen werden, soll dieser Aufsatz auf Grundlage einer quantitativen Online-Befragung diskutieren, inwiefern digitale Nudges zur Reduzierung der Smartphone-Nutzung als wirksam eingeschätzt werden und welche (psychologischen) Mechanismen ihre eingeschätzte Wirkung beeinflussen. Mittels eines standardisierten Fragebogens wurden sowohl verschiedene Verhaltenstendenzen, die Smartphone-Sucht und die Art des Nudges als Einflussfaktoren auf die eingeschätzte Wirksamkeit digitaler Nudges als auch der Einfluss demographischer Merkmale (Geschlecht, Alter) auf die Tendenz zur Smartphone-Sucht analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die eingeschätzte Wirksamkeit digitaler Nudges von vielen individuellen Faktoren abhängt, zum Beispiel, wie stark Personen zu einem Sucht-ähnlichen Nutzungsverhalten tendieren. Für das Kommunikationsmanagement bedeutet dies, dass zu Beginn der Konzeption und Platzierung von (digitalen) Nudges eine umfassende Zielgruppenanalyse notwendig ist, um zielgerichtet Verhalten zu beeinflussen.
Mitarbeiterbezogene Erwartungen und Bedürfnisse in der internen Krisenkommunikation in Unternehmen
(2022)
Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, zum Wissen über interne Krisenkommunikation beizutragen, indem die Erwartungen und Bedürfnisse von Mitarbeitenden im Kontext der Krisenkommunikation untersucht werden. Im ersten Schritt ergab eine Literaturrecherche, dass es in von Krisen betroffenen Organisationen zu einer Fokussierung auf externe Stakeholder kommt. Interne Stakeholder werden in Krisensituationen oft vernachlässigt. Zudem gibt es einen Mangel an empirischer Evidenz über die Erwartungen und Bedürfnisse der Mitarbeitenden. Diese wurden im zweiten Schritt in einer explorativen Onlineumfrage mit 37 Mitarbeitenden verschiedener Organisationen analysiert, um empirisch fundierte Hypothesen zu generieren. Es wurden 14 Hypothesen zu den Erwartungen und Bedürfnissen der Mitarbeitenden in der internen Krisenkommunikation entwickelt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit geben Anregungen für weitere Forschungen und sind limitiert durch den Umfang der Literaturrecherche und die Teilnehmenden der durchgeführten Befragung.
The study aimed to investigate inactivation of naturally occurring microorganisms and quality of red pepper paste treated by high pressure processing (HPP). Central composite rotatable design was employed to determine the impacts of pressure (100–600 MPa) and holding time (30–600 s). HPP at 527 MPa for 517 s reduced aerobic mesophilic bacteria count by 4.5 log CFU/g. Yeasts and molds counts were reduced to 1 log CFU/g at 600 MPa for 315 s. Total phenols, carotenoids and antioxidants activity ranged from 0.28 to 0.33 g GAE/100 g, 96.0–98.4 mg βc/100 g and 8.70–8.95 μmol TE/g, respectively. Increase (2.5–6.7%) in these variables was observed with increasing pressure and holding time. Total color difference (ΔE∗) values (0.2–2.8) were within the ranges of ‘imperceptible’ to ‘noticeable’. Experimental results were fitted satisfactorily into quadratic model with higher R2 values (0.8619–0.9863). Optimization process suggested treatment of red pepper paste at 536 MPa for 125 s for maximum desirability (0.622). Validation experiments confirmed comparable percentage of relative errors. Overall, this technique could be considered as an efficient treatment for the inactivation of microorganisms that naturally occur in red pepper paste with minimal changes in its characteristics.
Mehr Tränken bei Hitze
(2022)
Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Forschungsfrage, inwiefern das coronabedingte Homeoffice Führungshandeln in Kommunikationsagenturen verändert hat und inwiefern diese Veränderungen dem Führungskonzept Digital Leadership entsprechen.
Im coronabedingten Homeoffice hat die Diskussion über „Digital Leadership“ als neues Führungskonzept veränderter Arbeitswelten weiter an Relevanz gewonnen (Amerland, 2021; Bitkom, 2021; Kollmann, 2020). Dennoch zeigt sich im Bereich des Kommunikationsmanagements insbesondere hinsichtlich der Untersuchung von Agenturen eine Forschungslücke zu Digital Leadership während der Coronakrise.
Obwohl Agenturen im Berufsfeld eine große Bedeutung zugeschrieben wird, werden diese in der Forschung wenig betrachtet (Röttger und Zielmann, 2009). Daher untersucht der vorliegende Beitrag die Forschungsfrage, inwiefern das coronabedingte Homeoffice Führungshandeln in Kommunikationsagenturen verändert hat und inwiefern diese Veränderungen dem Führungskonzept Digital Leadership entsprechen. Zur Untersuchung der Forschungsfrage wurden qualitative, leitfadengestützte Experteninterviews (N = 5) mit Führungskräften aus mittelgroßen Agenturen durchgeführt und mithilfe der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse (Mayring, 2016) ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen entgegen der Hypothese, dass das Führungshandeln in den befragten Agenturen bereits vor der Coronakrise dem Führungskonzept „Digital Leadership“ im Sinne des VOPA+-Modells von Petry (2016) entsprach. Einzelne Merkmale des Führungskonzeptes wie Agilität und Vernetzung wurden in weiten Teilen in den befragten Agenturen durch das coronabedingte Homeoffice allerdings katalysiert. Neben einer Verlagerung der Führung in den virtuellen Raum wurden auch Veränderungen im Führungshandeln in Form neuer Maßnahmen wie mehr Fürsorge, Kommunikation und Boundary Management festgestellt. Diese Veränderungen im Führungskonzept Digital Leadership können als Implikationen für Führungskräfte in einem Modellansatz zu „Digital Leadership im Homeoffice“ festgehalten werden. Post-Covid müssen Digital Leader ihr Führungskonzept zudem an die sich weiter verändernden Anforderungen hybrider Arbeitswelten adaptieren. An dieser Stelle wird der Bedarf an weiterführender Forschung zu Führungshandeln in hybriden Arbeitswelten, insbesondere im Bereich des Kommunikationsmanagements, deutlich.
Kotwasser beim Pferd
(2022)