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Semi-solid metal alloys, as used in thixoforming, have a special microstructure of globular grains suspended in a liquid metal matrix. The complex rheological properties are strongly influenced by the local solid fraction, particle shape, particle size and state of agglomeration. There is a high demand for models and software tools allowing the simulation of semi-solid casting processes. The material under investigation is a tin-lead alloy (Sn-15%Pb) which exhibits a similar microstructure to aluminium alloys. The experiments were performed with a concentric cylinder rheometer of the Searle type. Initially, the liquid alloy is cooled down to the semi-solid range under constant shearing and then kept under isothermal conditions for further experimentation. Based on the experimental data, a single-phase model has been derived where the semi-solid alloy is regarded as a homogeneous material with thixotropic properties and the microstructure is characterised by a structural parameter. The model consists of two parts: the equation of state, including a finite yield stress, and a rate equation for the structural parameter. The model equations are employed in numerical software and used for the simulation of characteristic filling cases and the comparison with the conventional filling.
Semi-solid metal alloys, as used in thixoforming, have a special microstructure of globular grains suspended in a liquid metal matrix. The material under investigation is a tin–lead alloy (Sn–15% Pb) which exhibits a similar microstructure as aluminum alloys. The experiments were performed with concentric cylinder rheometers. Initially, the liquid alloy is cooled down to the semi-solid range under constant shearing and then kept under isothermal conditions for further experimentation. The microstructure is characterized in dependence of the shearing time. The rheological techniques consisted of step change of shear rate and shear stress ramp experiments for different solid fractions (40–50%). Based on the experimental data a single phase model has been derived, where the semi-solid alloy is regarded as a homogeneous material with thixotropic properties and the microstructure is characterized by a structural parameter. The model consists of two parts: the equation of state, including a finite yield stress, and a rate equation for the structural parameter. The model equations are employed into numerical software and used for the simulation of a characteristic thixocasting process. The results are compared to real experiments.
Marketing – für viele Entwicklungsingenieure, die sich ausschließlich für technische
Lösungen verantwortlich fühlen, ist das ein Fremdwort: Zwischen der technischen
Entwicklung und der Vermarktung eines Produktes kommt es in deutschen Unternehmen
deshalb häufig zu starken Brüchen. Um ein Produkt erfolgreich zu vermarkten,
muss der Kundennutzen in den Mittelpunkt der Produktion rücken und an den Anfang
eines Entwicklungsprozesses gestellt werden. Die Entwicklungsingenieure sollten im
Marketing daher also entgegen aller Gewohnheiten eine zentrale Rolle einnehmen.
"Unsere Produkte sind technisch einfach Spitze. Wir haben Top- Ingenieure, die ihr Handwerk wirklich verstehen." Wer kennt das nicht? In Entwicklungs- und Konstruktionsabteilungen deutscher Unternehmer wird ein hohes Lied auf die Technik gesungen. Technologisch sind wir Spitze - aber wird das auch immer vom Kunden honoriert?
Semi-solid metal alloys, as used in industrial thixoforming, have a special microstructure of globular grains suspended in a liquid metal matrix. The complex rheological properties are strongly influenced by the local solid fraction, particle shape, particle size and state of agglomeration. It was analysed how the microstructure develops in dependence of the shear rate and cooling rate during the solidification and it was observed that the average particle size increased with increasing shear rate and decreasing cooling rate. In order to account for those phenomena, the rate of crystal growth and the relationship between average particle diameter and viscosity was modelled by applying the Sherwood two-film model for the mass transport. The dependence of the viscosity from the particle size were modelled with a modified Krieger–Dougherty model. Based on the rheological and microstructural observations an evaluation method was elaborated that allows for the construction of objective master curves that are independent of the particle growth during the experimentation. The isothermal experiments for the characterisation of the rheological behaviour consisted of step-change of shear-rate and yield-stress experiments. From the experimental data the steady-state flow curves could be determined as well as the time-dependent relaxation of the shear stress after a change of shear rate. The steady-state rheological behaviour was found to be shear thinning. Nevertheless, immediately after a shear-rate change an overshoot was observed that resulted from a short-time shear-thickening behaviour. The yield stress was found to strongly depend on the microstructure and the degree of agglomeration of the solid phase. With increasing rest time the yield stress was increasing strongly, because of the agglomeration of the solid particles. Based on the step-change of shear-rate experiments a single-phase flow has been developed that consists of a modified Herschel–Bulkley approach and accounts for the thixotropic as well as for the yield-stress behaviour of the alloys.
Companies and R&D institutions increasingly collaborate not only in isolated projects but also in knowledge-based networks. In those networks, participants combine expertise and applied problems to generate both ‘problem-solving knowledge’ and specialized knowledge: during the process of common problem-solving each partner acquires some of the specialized knowledge of the other partners as well as the newly generated problem-solving knowledge. This article examines the basic principles involved and provides a simple mathematical description of the step-by-step accumulation of knowledge through the solving of applied problems in a knowledge-based network. The rate of increase of the total amount of available knowledge in the network is derived and implications for the orientation of R&D institutes and companies are set out.
Optimale Garantiepolitik
(2006)
Die Fallstudie aus der Betriebswirtschaftslehre: Preisbündelung bei einer Bildungseinrichtung
(2006)
Die Entscheidung für eine Wandfarbe fällt häufig erst am Point-of-Sale. Unternehmen und Händler investieren daher viel in Präsentation und Markenbetonung. Nach welchen Kriterien aber wählen Anwender ihre Wandfarbe wirklich aus? Gemeinsam mit Studententeams der Fachhochschule Münster ist Cognis Deutschland diesen Fragen nachgegangen.
Unternehmen kooperieren seit jeher miteinander. Dabei haben sich schon früh Netzwerkformen herausgebildet, die unter klaren gemeinsamen Zielen standen: Einkaufsnetzwerke zur stärkeren Verhandlungsposition, Produktionsnetzwerke zur effizienteren Produktion, Logistiknetzwerke als weltweite Transportgemeinschaft. In den vergangenen Jahren beteiligen sich gerade kleine und mittlere Unternehmen (KMU) auch an Netzwerken mit komplexen und vielschichtigen Zielebenen: Innovationsnetzwerke zur Generierung neuer Produkte und Prozesse, Wissensnetzwerke zum Know-how-Erweiterung, Regionale Netzwerke zur Stärkung kulturell und wirtschaftlich einheitlich geprägter Räume.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present the current empirical research examining communication, compensation and logistics as elements of product crises management in retailing.
Design/methodology/approach
– The advantages and disadvantages of these three elements of crises response strategies are juxtaposed drawing on relevant empirical research. For each element of crises response the major findings of research are summarized and shown how it relates to crisis management. Needs for further research that would be necessary to solidify recommendations to retail managers are derived.
Findings
– The investigation finds that both communicative and compensatory response elements as well as the retailer's logistics can positively influence evaluations of customers directly and indirectly affected by product problems thus enhancing brand equity. This in turn will serve to increase consumers' trust in the retailer that could win him new customers and generally benefit his reputation.
Research limitations/implications
– Most of the discussed research rests on the assumption of a given (extraneous) crisis response strategy of the manufacturer. Potential problems concerning the co‐ordination or implementation of manufacturer and retailer strategies remain open to question. Additionally, further research should examine which strategies are appropriate to which crisis situation.
Practical implications
– Materially, over‐compensating customers often has a detrimental effect on solving the crisis. The impact of different compensation types on crisis resolution mostly depends on their respective signalling capabilities, the product problem constituting the crisis and consumer attributions. The use and the effects of a communicative crisis response largely depend on moderating factors such as the retailer's reputation or the existence of strong retail brands and consumer expectations. Elements of logistics seem to support the effects of communication and compensation on crisis resolution but are hardly capable of solving a product‐harm crisis.
Originality/value
– The role of retailers in product‐harm crisis management has been widely neglected in research although such crises are predominant. This paper outlines the current empirical work on how different crises response elements may contribute to solving a product‐harm crisis for retailers. It derives relevant avenues for further research as well as useful insights to practitioners considering to using such response elements in their own crisis management strategy.
Die verabschiedete Rechtsnorm des § 254 HGB hat gegenüber der Fassung im RegE deutlich an Klarheit gewonnen. Aus Sicht der Abschlussadressaten ist zu begrüßen, dass die im Vergleich zu den Entwurfsfassungen erheblich ausgeweiteten Anhangangabepflichten zur Absicherungsbilanzierung das Informationsniveau des Jahresabschlusses erhöhen. Problematisch erscheint indes die Auslagerung eines Teils der Anwendungsvoraussetzungen zur Bildung von Bewertungseinheiten in den Anhang, da dieser nicht von allen Unternehmen erstellt werden muss.
Entsprechend der gesetzgeberischen Intention, die bestehende Praxis der Bilanzierung von Bewertungseinheiten durch die handelsrechtliche Normierung nicht einzuschränken, wurde der Anwendungsbereich des § 254 HGB sehr weit gefasst und den Unternehmen über den Weg der Rechtsfolgenanordnung durch Negativabgrenzung (Nichtanwendung bestimmter Bewertungsvorschriften) ein relativ breiter Auslegungs- bzw. Ermessensspielraum belassen. Negative Folge dieser Vorgehensweise ist die Zulassung von Bewertungstechniken, die nicht konform gehen mit den bislang bestehenden Rechnungslegungskonventionen und damit die innere Konsistenz bzw. Systemkonsequenz des handelsbilanzrechtlichen Regelungsgefüges beeinträchtigen.