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"The limits of my language are the limits of my mind. All I know is what I have words for" (Wittgenstein). When learning something completely new, we connect the unknown term to an already existing part of our knowledge. We can only build new ideas and insights upon an existing conceptual foundation. In the field of statistics, we educators frequently find ourselves met with great confusion when teaching novices. These students, entirely unfamiliar with even basic statistics, must connect the introduced statistical terms within their personal existing networks of largely non-statistical knowledge. Lecturers, on the other hand, who are well versed in statistics, have deeply internalized the content to be taught and its relevant context. The juxtaposition of the two roles may produce amusement in a lecturer upon gaining insight into the word associations made by the statistical novices. For example, a ‘logistic regression’ does not involve the ‘shipping of goods in economically difficult times,’ though this might seem entirely reasonable and intuitive to the statistics learner. Other times, these different perspectives can lead to headaches and frustration for both learners and their lecturers. In this article, we illustrate how simple statistical terms are initially connected to a student’s pre-exiting knowledge and how these associations change after completing an introductory course in applied statistics. Furthermore, we emphasize the important difference between “term”, “approach”, and “context”. Understanding this fundamental distinction may help improve the communication between the lecturer and the learner. We offer a collection of practical tools for instructors to help promote students’ conceptual understanding in a supportive, mutually-beneficial learning environment.
Reduzierung im Außer-Haus-Verzehr zu erleichtern, analysiert unsere Studie die Auswirkungen von zwei gängigen Interventionsstrategien zur Reduzierung von Speiseresten in einem ganzheitlichen Verhaltensmodell. Auf der Grundlage eines quasi-experimentellen Baseline-Interventions-Designs haben wir in einem Strukturgleichungsmodell untersucht, wie sich das Aushängen von Informationspostern und die Reduzierung von Portionsgrößen auf persönliche, soziale und umweltbezogene Faktoren auswirken. Anhand von Daten aus Online-Befragungen und Beobachtungen von 880 Gästen (503 Baseline, 377 Intervention) während zwei Wochen in einer Universitätsmensa erlaubt das vorgeschlagene Modell, die Effekte der beiden Interventionen auf die Tellerreste spezifischen Veränderungen von Verhaltensdeterminanten zuzuordnen. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass die Verringerung der Portionsgröße bei den Zielgerichten mit einer geringeren Menge an Tellerabfällen zusammenhängt, die auf bewusster Wahrnehmung, die sich in einer geringeren Bewertung der Portionsgröße ausdrückt. Die Auswirkungen des Sehens von Informationsplakaten auf veränderten persönlichen Einstellungen, subjektiven Normen und wahrgenommener Verhaltenskontrolle beruhen. Je nachdem, wie eine Person auf die Information reagiert (indem sie sich nur bemüht, alle Speisen aufzuessen, oder indem sie sich bemüht und zusätzlich ein anderes Gericht in der Kantine wählt), ergeben sich jedoch entgegengesetzte Auswirkungen auf diese Determinanten und folglich auch auf die Tellerreste. Insgesamt sprechen die differenzierten Ergebnisse zu den Interventionseffekten dafür, dass ganzheitlichere und tiefer gehende Analysen von Interventionen zur Reduktion von Essensresten und damit zu einem nachhaltigeren Lebensmittelkonsum in der Außer-Haus-Verpflegung beitragen können.
What Leads to Lunch-How Social Practices Impact (Non-)Sustainable Food Consumption/Eating Habits
(2017)
Der Bereich der Ernährung wird in den kommenden Jahrzehnten mit zahlreichen Herausforderungen konfrontiert sein, die sich aus den globalen Konsummustern ergeben und zu einem hohen Ressourcenverbrauch führen. Die Akteure des Gaststättengewerbes sehen sich bei der Förderung ihrer Lösungen für eine nachhaltigere Situation in ihrem Bereich mit Schwierigkeiten konfrontiert, unter anderem mit der mangelnden Akzeptanz der Verbraucher. Wir müssen uns die Frage stellen, wie wir das Verbraucherverhalten beeinflussen und einen Übergang zu einem nachhaltigeren Lebensmittelkonsum herbeiführen können. In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Bewertung von Ernährungsgewohnheiten vorgestellt. Eine Gruppe von zehn Verbrauchern nahm an problemzentrierten Interviews teil und machte Angaben zu ihrem Essverhalten im Laufe von zwei Wochen. Mit Hilfe des theoretischen Ansatzes der Praxistheorie wurden die in dieser Studie gesammelten Daten verwendet, um ein Verständnis der Praxis des Auswärtsessens zu entwickeln, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf den täglichen Routinen lag, die die Wahl der Verbraucher beeinflussen.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Praxis des Auswärtsessens in hohem Maße von externen Faktoren abhängt. Vielbeschäftigte Lebensstile, Mobilitätsroutinen und ein wahrgenommener Zeitmangel führen zu der Entscheidung, auswärts zu essen. Die Verbraucher tun dies bewusst, um Zeit und Mühe zu sparen und ihren Zeitplan zu straffen. Mobilität scheint ein wichtiger Grund für das Auswärtsessen zu sein. Die Teilnehmer versuchen, die Möglichkeiten, auswärts zu essen, einzuschränken, kehren aber häufig spontan zwischen zwei Terminen zum Essen ein. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Ernährungswissen und eine nachhaltige Denkweise wenig Einfluss auf die Essensentscheidungen außerhalb des Hauses haben: Die Teilnehmer zeigen ein hohes Maß an Misstrauen gegenüber Qualitätsansprüchen und stellen ihre gesundheitlichen Bedenken beim Essen außer Haus zurück. Daraus lässt sich schließen, dass das Auswärtsessen stark von den täglichen Routinen und den Praktiken, die ihm vorausgehen oder folgen, beeinflusst wird. Veränderungen der Arbeits- und Mobilitätsmuster werden sich höchstwahrscheinlich auf die Art und Weise auswirken, wie die Verbraucher außer Haus essen.
Dairy farming has been the subject of public debate on animal welfare for a number of years now. Animal welfare discussions on dairy farming often include the demand for more nature connectedness in this area. This study focuses on the divergent perspectives of consumers and scientists on the importance of more nature connectedness for animal welfare strategies in German dairy farming. Within Europe, Germany is the main producer of cow’s milk and an important industry in many rural areas in Germany is dairy farming. The insights presented are based on qualitative interviews with dairy farming and livestock researchers from Germany and Austria. A key finding of this study is that we need to look more closely at the actual content of nature claims in animal welfare debates. The scientists interviewed tend to see idealized conditions in animal welfare discussions with images of nature which in fact seldom lead to improved conditions in dairy farming and, even then, only to a limited extent. The scientists interviewed rate calls for more nature connectedness in dairy farming from the nonagricultural public as anti-modern, complexity-reducing, and normative. Nevertheless, some of the scientists interviewed did have valuable insights into the nonagricultural public’s criticism of dairy farming practices. These scientists argued, however, that animal welfare needs to differentiate between nature connectedness and the innate needs of cattle when it comes to animal welfare strategies. An important conclusion of the study is that more discussion formats are needed to promote the exchange of ideas between different social groups attempting to understand animal welfare in dairy farming.
What determines ingredient awareness of consumers? : A study on ten functional food ingredients
(2014)
Given the importance of consumer awareness of functional food ingredients for healthy food choices, the aim of this study is to explore consumers’ ingredient awareness and the determinants which influence the awareness about functional food ingredients.
A sample of 200 German consumers was interviewed via CATI (computer aided telephone interview) during September 2011. The participants have been asked about their specific awareness regarding to ten functional food ingredients. Likewise, determinants like health status and health motivation have been assessed and their influence on the construct “consumers’ ingredient awareness” has been tested by employing structural equation modeling.
The study shows that consumers’ ingredient awareness varies throughout the sample. Overall it can be stated, that 19% of consumer awareness about functional food ingredients is explained through the described model based on the following predictors: age, educational level, health status, health motivation and information strategies. Among these factors, consumers’ health motivation seems to have the highest relevance to explain consumer awareness. But also the determinants information strategies as well as the education show a significant influence on consumers’ ingredient awareness. As health motivation shows the highest impact on consumers’ ingredient awareness this study underlines the importance of prevention propensity for healthy food choices.
Water retention properties of wood fiber based growing media and their impact on irrigation strategy
(2024)
Distribution of water and air in growing media during ebb-and-flow irrigation depends on water storage properties (water retention curve) and water transport properties (hydraulic conductivity) of the materials. Growing media with their high number of coarse pores are known to exhibit strong hysteresis, i.e., differences in the water retention properties during drying and wetting cycles. To account for potential ecological disadvantages of peat, wood fibers are commonly used as substitutes for peat in growing media. However, the wood fibers generally have higher air capacities and hydraulic conductivities and lower water capacities compared to peat which may results in necessary adaptions of the irrigation strategy. Tools to optimize irrigation systems are physically based water transport models, such as HYDRUS-1D, which is commonly used to describe water transport in soils, but not often for growing media. In this study, white peat and pure wood fibers were used to describe differences in their water retention behavior. Water retention curves (drying cycles) and hydraulic conductivities were measured with standard analytical procedures. Hysteresis of the water retention curves was analytically determined based on their capillary rise properties. The results were used with a modified HYDRUS-1D model to test model quality against measured water contents during ebb-and-flow irrigation cycles and to optimize the irrigation strategy for the different materials. The results showed that the model quality was sufficiently good only if the strong hysteresis of the water retention curves was considered during the simulation process. Different strategies were tested to modify ebb-and-flow irrigation (irrigation frequency, irrigation duration and irrigation height) in that way that the water suction in the root zone was similar to that of the peat material. Simulation results showed that significant improvements could only be reached by increasing the flooding depth in ebb-and-flow systems to ensure an optimum water supply of plants in the wood fiber based growing media.
Iron deficiency is still widespread as a major health problem even in countries with adequate food supply. It mainly affects women but also vegans, vegetarians, and athletes and can lead to various clinical pictures. Biofortification of vitamin C-rich vegetables with iron may be one new approach to face this nutritional challenge. However, so far, little is known about the consumer acceptance of iron-biofortified vegetables, particularly in developed countries. To address this issue, a quantitative survey of 1000 consumers in Germany was conducted. The results showed that depending on the type of vegetable, between 54% and 79% of the respondents were interested in iron-biofortified vegetables. Regression analysis showed a relationship between product acceptance, gender, and area of residence. In addition, relationships were found between consumer preferences for enjoyment, sustainability, and naturalness. Compared to functional food and dietary supplements, 77% of respondents would prefer fresh iron-rich vegetables to improve their iron intake. For a market launch, those iron-rich vegetables appear especially promising, which can additionally be advertised with claims for being rich in vitamin C and cultivated in an environmentally friendly way. Consumers were willing to pay EUR 0.10 to EUR 0.20 more for the iron-biofortified vegetables.