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Whiplash-associated Disorders (WAD) sind häufig vorkommende Symptomenkomplexe. Diese können akut wie chronisch vielerlei Symptome in verschiedensten Gewebetypen und Körperregionen hervorrufen, ohne dass die dahinter steckenden Mechanismen genau bekannt sind. Dieser Artikel behandelt die Frage, ob bei WAD-Patienten auch okuläre Dysfunktionen vorkommen, und falls dies der Fall ist, um welche Störungen es sich handelt und ob neuromuskuloskelettale Therapie – im Speziellen Manuelle Therapie der kraniozervikalen Region – die Dysfunktionen positiv beeinflussen kann. Aus den durch systematische Literatursuche in mehreren Datenbanken gefundenen Artikeln lässt sich der Schluss ziehen, dass es zu verschiedensten okulären Dysfunktionen bei WAD kommen kann. Dabei besteht momentan schwache Evidenz für Effekte neuromuskuloskelettaler Therapie bei okulären Dysfunktionen von WAD-Patienten.
Daher kann derzeit nur eine vorsichtige Empfehlung für neuromuskuloskelettale Therapiemaßnahmen zum Erkennen und Behandeln von okulären Dysfunktionen bei WAD-Patienten gegeben werden. Die Behandlung umfasst alle wichtigen Teilaspekte, wie z. B. Balance, Kopf-Augen-Koordination, Bewegungs- und Körpersinn, Schmerzmanagement und zervikale Range-of-motion-Übungen.
Hintergrund
Persistierende chronische Schmerzen führen zu kortikalen Veränderungen in Arealen, die an der Emotionserkennung beteiligt sind. Wand et al. belegen einen engen Zusammenhang zwischen der affektiven Schmerzkomponente und dem Ausmaß dieser Veränderungen. In der Folge kann sich das Emotionsprofil verändern und es können Schwierigkeiten in der emotionalen Kommunikation auftreten.
Material und Methoden
49 Patienten mit „chronic low back pain“ (CLBP) wurden mithilfe der Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS) nach GCPS-Grad 1 + 2 und GCPS-Grad 3 + 4 unterteilt. Bei allen Patienten wurde die Fähigkeit zur Erkennung mimisch codierter Basisemotionen mit dem Facially-Expressed-Emotion-Labeling-Test (FEEL) untersucht. Zudem wurde mit der Toronto-Alexithymie-Skala-26 (TAS-26) überprüft, ob die Patienten alexithyme Merkmale zeigten. Eine differenzierte Auswertung fand für die Gruppe mit GCPS-Grad 3 + 4 (n = 35) statt.
Ergebnisse
Der FEEL-Test verdeutlichte, dass die Gruppe mit GCPS-Grad 3 + 4 die Basisemotion Überraschung signifikant häufiger (p = 0,001) als Gesunde (Vergleich mit Normwerten) erkannte und ein gesteigertes Niveau an momentan erlebtem Ärger zeigte. Nach der TAS-26 zeigten 28,5 % der CLBP-Patienten alexithyme Merkmale.
Schlussfolgerung
Die Ergebnisse offenbaren, dass Patienten mit chronifizierten lumbalen Rückenschmerzen Veränderungen in der Emotionserkennung sowie alexithyme Merkmale zeigen. Zur Bestätigung dieser Ergebnisse sowie zur Absicherung der erkannten Tendenzen sind weitere Studien mit einer größeren Stichprobe nötig.
Objective
To identify assessment tools used to evaluate patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) considered to be clinically most useful by a panel of international experts in TMD physical therapy (PT).
Methods
A Delphi survey method administered to a panel of international experts in TMD PT was conducted over three rounds from October 2017 to June 2018. The initial contact was made by email. Participation was voluntary. An e-survey, according to the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES), was posted using SurveyMonkey for each round. Percentages of responses were analysed for each question from each round of the Delphi survey administrations.
Results
Twenty-three experts (completion rate: 23/25) completed all three rounds of the survey for three clinical test categories: 1) questionnaires, 2) pain screening tools and 3) physical examination tests. The following was the consensus-based decision regarding the identification of the clinically most useful assessments. (1) Four of 9 questionnaires were identified: Jaw Functional Limitation (JFL-8), Mandibular Function Impairment Questionnaire (MFIQ), Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for Temporomandibular disorders (TSK/TMD) and the neck disability index (NDI). (2) Three of 8 identified pain screening tests: visual analog scale (VAS), numeric pain rating scale (NRS) and pain during mandibular movements. (3) Eight of 18 identified physical examination tests: physiological temporomandibular joint (TMJ) movements, trigger point (TrP) palpation of the masticatory muscles, TrP palpation away from the masticatory system, accessory movements, articular palpation, noise detection during movement, manual screening of the cervical spine and the Neck Flexor Muscle Endurance Test.
Conclusion
After three rounds in this Delphi survey, the results of the most used assessment tools by TMD PT experts were established. They proved to be founded on test construct, test psychometric properties (reliability/validity) and expert preference for test clusters. A concordance with the screening tools of the diagnostic criteria of TMD consortium was noted. Findings may be used to guide policymaking purposes and future diagnostic research.
Introduction
Observations show that foam rolling improves joint movements. Likewise, it can be stated that a vibration stimulation of the tissue leads to improved joint mobility.
Method
This study investigates whether the combination of foam rolling and vibrations (31 Hz) can influence the sliding of the thoracolumbar fascia more effectively than normal foam rolling. 45 subjects participated in the study and were divided into a foam roll with additional vibration group (FRV), a foam roll group (FR) and a control group (CG). The intervention groups rolled out the gluteal muscles, the lateral trunk and the upper and lower back. Mobility measures were taken pre and post the respective intervention. Subsequent cross correlation software analysis quantified the sliding of the fascia and calculated its shear strain mobility (SSM).
Results
The sliding of the thoracolumbar fascia improved significantly within the FRV by 2.83 mm (SD ± 1.08/p < .001), in the FR by 0.96 mm (SD ± 0.43/p < .001) and in the CG decreased the sliding by 0.1401 mm (SD ± 0.28/p = .076). The fascia/fascia SSM increased in the FRV by 22.61% (SD ± 15.64/p < .001), in the FR by 11.41% (SD ± 20.38/p = .056) and in the CG decreased the SSM by 0.9473% (SD ± 11.35/p < .751). The lumbar movement increased in both intervention groups, but showed no significant result.
Conclusion
The use of a foam roll with additional vibration and standard intervention have increased thoracolumbar fascia sliding and lumbar movements. The improved shear strain mobility can be attributed to the multi-activity of mechanoreceptors, such as Pacini- and Ruffini-Bodies.
Background
A wide range of physical tests have been published for use in the assessment of musculoskeletal dysfunction in patients with headache. Which tests are used depends on a physiotherapist's clinical and scientific background as there is little guidance on the most clinically useful tests.
Objectives
To identify which physical examination tests international experts in physiotherapy consider the most clinically useful for the assessment of patients with headache.
Design/methods
Delphi survey with pre-specified procedures based on a systematic search of the literature for physical examination tests proposed for the assessment of musculoskeletal dysfunction in patients with headache.
Results
Seventeen experts completed all three rounds of the survey. Fifteen tests were included in round one with eleven additional tests suggested by the experts. Finally eleven physical examination tests were considered clinically useful: manual joint palpation, the cranio-cervical flexion test, the cervical flexion-rotation test, active range of cervical movement, head forward position, trigger point palpation, muscle tests of the shoulder girdle, passive physiological intervertebral movements, reproduction and resolution of headache symptoms, screening of the thoracic spine, and combined movement tests.
Conclusions
Eleven tests are suggested as a minimum standard for the physical examination of musculoskeletal dysfunctions in patients with headache.
Objective
Gross mandibular position and masticatory muscle activity have been shown to influence cervical muscles electromyographic activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of three different mandible positions including conscious occlusion, tongue tip against the anterior hard palate (Palate tongue position) and natural resting position (Rest), on sagittal plane cervical spine range of motion (ROM) as well as the flexion-rotation test (FRT) in asymptomatic subjects.
Materials and methods
An experienced single blinded examiner evaluated ROM using an Iphone in 22 subjects (7 females; mean age of 29.91years, SD 5.44).
Results
Intra-rater reliability for range recorded was good for the FRT with ICC (intraclass correlation) 0.95 (95% CI: 0.88–0.98) and good for sagittal plane cervical ROM with ICC 0.90 (95% CI: 0.77–0.96). A repeated measures ANOVA determined that mean ROM recorded during the FRT differed significantly between assessment points (F(1.99, 41.83) = 19.88, P < 0.001). Bonferroni Post hoc tests revealed that both conscious Occlusion and Palate tongue position elicited a significant large reduction in ROM recorded during the FRT from baseline (p < 0.01). Despite this, one activation strategy did not influence ROM more than the other. An additional repeated measures ANOVA determined that mean sagittal cervical ROM did not significantly vary between assessment points (F(2, 42) = 8.18, P = 0.08).
Conclusion
This current study provided further evidence for the influence of the temporomandibular region on upper cervical ROM. Results suggest that clinicians should focus on the natural mandible rest position when evaluating upper cervical mobility.
Objective:
To compare the short- and long-term effects of a structural-oriented (convential) with an activity-oriented physiotherapeutic treatment in patients with frozen shoulder.
Design:
Double-blinded, randomized, experimental study.
Setting:
Outpatient clinic.
Subjects:
We included patients diagnosed with a limited range of motion and pain in the shoulder region, who had received a prescription for physiotherapy treatment, without additional symptoms of dizziness, a case history of headaches, pain and/or limited range of motion in the cervical spine and/or temporomandibular joint.
Interventions:
The study group received treatment during the performance of activities. The comparison group was treated with manual therapy and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (conventional therapy). Both groups received 10 days of therapy, 30 minutes each day.
Main measures:
Range of motion, muscle function tests, McGill pain questionnaire and modified Upper Extremity Motor Activity Log were measured at baseline, after two weeks of intervention and after a three-month follow-up period without therapy.
Results:
A total of 66 patients were randomized into two groups: The activity-oriented group (n = 33, mean = 44 years, SD = 16 years) including 20 male (61%) and the structural-oriented group (n = 33, mean = 47 years, SD = 17 years) including 21 male (64%). The activity-oriented group revealed significantly greater improvements in the performance of daily life activities and functional and structural tests compared with the group treated with conventional therapy after 10 days of therapy and at the three-month follow-up (p < 0.05).
Conclusions:
Therapy based on performing activities seems to be more effective for pain reduction and the ability to perform daily life activities than conventional treatment methods.