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Networked sensors are strategically deployed to gather real-world data, thereby facilitating the implementation of cutting-edge technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber Physical Systems (CPS). These devices, tailored to specific use-cases, often operate under strict resource constraints and must function optimally for extended periods. Concurrently, the sensitive data they collect must be safeguarded against unauthorized access, necessitating robust security measures. A range of security mechanisms is available to IoT system designers, with cryptographic algorithms, such as symmetric and asymmetric encryption, and hash functions being the cornerstone. They can select from multiple algorithm implementations and adjust configuration parameters to suit the device’s capabilities. However, determining the ideal configuration is a complex task, requiring a balance between security effectiveness and efficient resource utilization. While the security aspect is continually assessed by experts, the impact of these choices on resource consumption, particularly across diverse platforms, often receives less attention. This paper introduces an objective evaluation method that assesses not only the effect of different security algorithms, but also various implementations and configuration adjustments on the resource consumption across different platforms. To facilitate this, a composite performance indicator is computed, enabling the systematic ranking of candidate configurations. The approach bridges the gap in understanding the interplay between security measures and resource management in the realm of IoT devices.
The aim of this study is to analyze the bibliographic network of business model literature, to identify research streams and clusters as well as to describe their content. To achieve this objective, an extensive literature review is conducted to identify the most relevant research papers in that field. The scholarly work is extracted from the OpenAlex scientific database encompassing publications up to the end of the year 2023. A specific search for the term “Business Model” in the titles of scholarly works found 30,590 publications. For each document, the total strength of its bibliographic coupling links with other documents, and thus the similarity between their reference lists, is calculated. The inner circle of this network, consisting of the 928 publications with the highest coupling strengths, is selected for further analysis. In the resulting bibliographic network core, a cluster analysis is performed.
At Higher Education Institutions, student and staff mobility significantly contributes to overall CO2 emissions (Helmers, Chang and Dauwels, 2021). To design ‘regenerative landscapes’, mobility must be considered in context. The research project EN ROUTE uses real-world experiments to investigate the connection between campus design and mobility at Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences, asking: How can real-world experiments disrupt unsustainable mobility practices in landscapes of higher education? (How) Can campus design influence this? In a transdisciplinary process, the researchers co-designed real-world experiments with students at campus. The group started disrupting the status quo by engaging with the landscape, intervening in it, adding new uses, testing new practices and inspire others through spatial changes. The experiments served as a communication tool and catalyst for a transformation process, vividly demonstrating how new uses of the campus could look and how they would alter mobility practices.
Seit 1996/97 führt die Landwirtschaftskammer Schleswig-Holstein eine Felderhebung mit dem Thema „Systemvergleich: Bodenbearbeitung mit und ohne Pflugfurche“ auf einem sandigen Lehmboden durch.
Die Erhebung ist in zwei Hauptvarianten „Pflug“ und „Pfluglos“ aufgeteilt. Welche in zwei unbelastete Untervarianten („Unbefahren“ und „Vorgewende“) und in zwei belastete Untervarianten („Fahrgasse“ und „Güllefassspur“) unterteilt sind.
Im Mai 2002 wurden Bodenproben entnommen. Bewertet wurden die Ergebnisse vom Eindringwiderstand, Lagerungsdichte, Porenvolumen, Porengrößenverteilung, Bodenfeuchtigkeit und die pneumatische Leitfähigkeit in allen Untervarianten. Bei der Auswertung der Ergebnisse zeigten die Hauptvarianten aufgrund des unterschiedlichen Bearbeitungsverfahrens in den unbelasteten Untervarianten ein differenziertes Bodengefüge. Mit Hilfe der erwähnten Bodenparameter wurden die Auswirkungen auf das Bodengefüge einer undefinierten mechanischen Belastung in der Untervariante „Fahrgasse“ und einer definierten in der Untervariante „Güllefassspur“ ermittelt. In der Untervariante „Güllefassspur“ wurden zusätzlich der Bodendruck und die Spurtiefe gemessen. Die Ergebnisse jeder Untervariante wurden mit den aus der Literatur recherchierten pflanzenbaulichen Grenzwerten verglichen.
Die Ergebnisse in der Hauptvariante „Pflug“ zeigen in den unbelasteten Untervarianten im Oberboden für das Pflanzenwachstum günstige Bodenparameter und im krumennahen Unterboden ungünstigere. In der Hauptvariante „Pfluglos“ sind im Oberboden hingegen für das Pflanzenwachstum ungünstigere Bodenparameter und im krumennahen Unterboden günstige ermittelt worden. Die Auswirkungen einer mechanischen Belastung sind in der Hauptvariante „Pflug“ im Oberboden und im krumennahen Unterboden feststellbar. Die Tragfähigkeit des Bodengefüges ist in der Hauptvariante „Pfluglos“ besser zu beurteilen. Die Auswirkungen beschränken sich auf den Oberboden und sind nicht so ausgeprägt wie in der Hauptvariante „Pflug“.
One of the less explored aspects on adventitious rooting, despite being an essential requirement for cutting propagation is tissue excision. So far, studies on adventitious root formation in rose cuttings revealed that exposition of phloem proximities is necessary for a positive adventitious rooting response (Morales-Orellana et al., 2022). However, the optimal dimensions of laser wound patterns remains unknown. Establishing an appropriate area and perimeter of wounds together with optimal penetration depth would allow optimization of future root stimulation treatments based on wounds.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the enabler for new innovations in several domains. It allows the connection of digital services with physical entities in the real world. These entities are devices of different categories and sizes range from large machinery to tiny sensors. In the latter case, devices are typically characterized by limited resources in terms of computational power, available memory and sometimes limited power supply. As a consequence, the use of security algorithms requires of them to work within the limited resources. This means to find a suitable implementation and configuration for a security algorithm, that performs properly on the device, which may become a challenging task. On the other side, there is the desire to protect valuable assets as strong as possible. Usually, security goals are recorded in security policies, but they do not consider resource availability on the involved device and its power consumption while executing security algorithms. This paper presents an IoT security configuration tool that helps the designer of an IoT environment to experiment with the trade-off between maximizing security and extending the lifetime of a resource constrained IoT device. The tool is controlled with high-level description of security goals in the form of policies. It allows the designer to validate various (security) configurations for a single IoT device up to a large sensor network.
The energy transition involves various challenges. One key aspect is the decentralization of power generation, which requires new actors. In order to integrate these into the system in the best possible way, there are various approaches e.g. in cooperation in citizens' initiatives or cooperatives (Dorniok, 2016).
Cooperation in general can enable the implementation of certain business models or can increase profitability by the exploitation of economies of scale (Skovsgaard & Jacobsen, 2017; Theurl, 2010). Synergy effects result from the utilization of know-how, different technologies or resources of the partners involved to complement the own competencies and services (Eggers & Engelbrecht, 2005; Sander, 2009). Cooperation exists in various industries and enable the participating companies to compensate their size-related resource deficits (Glaister & Buckley, 1996; Todeva & Knoke, 2005). This creates the opportunity to develop innovations, open up new markets, exploit newly created economies of scale and share costs and risks (Franco & Haase, 2015). In agriculture, cooperation in the form of cooperatives have been of essential importance for a long time, especially with the aim of exploiting synergy effects (Bareille et al., 2017). In the field of renewable energy development, cooperation in form of citizen cooperatives make a significant contribution to the participation of citizens in political, social and financial aspects of the energy transition (Huybrechts & Mertens, 2014). Energy cooperatives are frequently discussed as a potential actor in the energy transition and are increasingly being established to advance the common interests of stakeholders. For example, the joint operation of decentralized power generation plants can involve new actors in the energy transition through regional cooperation (Walk, 2014).
Existing biogas plants in Germany need new business models after the 20-year Renewable Energy Sources Act feed-in tariff expires. For continued operation, a business model innovation is needed, which can be realized based on the different technical utilization pathways. Cooperation can have a significant impact on the profitability of the different business models, especially by exploiting synergy effects (Karlsson et al., 2019). In addition, cooperation can help to ensure that existing plants continue to operate at all.
Currently, the most widespread use of biogas in Germany is in the coupled generation of electricity and heat. Additionally, there is the possibility of upgrading biogas to biomethane or biogenic hydrogen path (Mertins & Wawer, 2022).
Different options for cooperative business models that exist in the biogas utilization pathways are presented. The focus is on explaining the advantages of a joint approach compared to single-farm business models and identifying the relevant actors. Subsequently, drivers and barriers for the different cooperative business models are identified and classified based on 20 semi-structured interviews with plant operators in the administrative district of Osnabrück. The aim is to identify drivers and barriers for cooperative post-EEG operation. As a result, political instruments are to be found that make it possible to involve relevant actors and thus stimulate the best possible continued operation from the point of view of the energy system. The results are structured according to the PESTEL analysis. This assigns drivers and barriers to the categories political, economic, sociocultural, technological, ecological and legal (Kaufmann, 2021). The analysis of the interviews is supplemented and validated by a literature review.
Drivers and barriers for cooperative business models are manifold and can vary mainly depending on the plant and the operator.
Drivers
• Political
o Promotion of renewable energies: reduce dependence on fossil (Russian) fuels
• Economic
o Expectation of synergies (information sharing, shared risk, economies of scale)
o Planning security (fixed supply or purchase contracts)
o Access to new markets (not accessible by single-farm business models)
o Cost savings by sharing infrastructure, technology
o Positive return expectation
• Sociocultural
o Motivating, innovative environment
o Lowers barriers to participation in new markets
o Target-oriented partnerships
o Better use of capacities and strengths
o Strengthening regional value creation
• Technological
o Economies of scale (efficiency)
o Available, mature technology
o Storable, transportable gas
o Well-developed infrastructure
• Ecological
o Increase in plant efficiency
o Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
o Promotion of the circular economy by utilization of organic waste and agricultural residues
o Improving soil quality (fermentation residues as fertilizer)
Barriers
• Political
o Competition to other renewable energies
• Economic
o Uncertainty about future development of energy markets
o Disagreements between the cooperation partners
o Lack of flexibility due to longer-term contractual obligations
o Allocation of profits
• Sociocultural
o Cooperation with current competitor
o Cultural differences and lack of trust
o Acceptance by the general public (e.g. overproduction of maize)
• Technological
o Different technology that is difficult to combine
o Data protection
• Ecological
o Competition for agricultural land
o Use of monocultures
o Emissions from plant
o Pollution from transport
• Legal
o Legal requirements and regulations
o Unfavorable regulatory environment, e.g. long permitting process
One finding is that uncertainty is a major barrier for plant operators. This includes uncertainty about regulatory frameworks and political requirements, as well as about the general development of the energy markets. In addition, social factors such as lack of reliability and disagreement about revenue sharing are a potential barrier. A key driver for the implementation of cooperative business models is the expectation of synergy effects. In addition, operators are driven by a positive expectation of returns and the responsibility for securing the energy supply in times of crisis.
The drivers identified can now be used to develop strategies to advance cooperative business models. In particular, synergy effects should be exploited so that operators can benefit from cooperation. The advantages can also be highlighted and communicated to increase acceptance among the general public. Another important step is to reduce the barriers discussed above. In order to reduce social barriers in particular, it may be advisable to include an external partner in the cooperation, such as a municipal utility that operates an upgrading plant and concludes purchase agreements with the individual partners. In addition, it would be politically expedient to provide the operators with a clear framework for the future in order to reduce uncertainties. As a further aspect, knowledge transfer on new technologies and markets should take place.
Mit einem systematischen Ansatz konnte basierend auf gering aufgelösten Daten (Bodenkarte, Höhenmodell, Landnutzungsklassifikation) das theoretische Expansionspotential für Ackerflächen in der Provinz Tjumen (Westsibirien, Russische Föderation) abgeschätzt werden. Die theoretisch mögliche Ausdehnung der Ackernutzung um 57% in den landwirtschaftlich relevanten Gebieten konnte allerdings nur zur Hälfte mit Groundtruthdaten in 3 Testareas (je 400 km²) validiert werden. Darüber hinaus waren 52% dieser positiven Validierungspunkte auf Ackerbrachen verortet, die derzeit nicht ökonomisch rentabel zu bewirtschaften sind. Insgesamt kann daher nur eine Expansion der Ackerflächen um 14,5% (? 1900 km² bzw. 1,1% der Gesamtfläche) als potentiell möglich angesehen werden.
GIS-gestützte Zustandserfassung von Befahrungslinien in einem Landesforst und einem Privatwald
(2013)
In einem niedersächsischen Forstgebiet ist die räumliche Anordnung und das Erscheinungsbild von Befahrungslinien (Rückegassen)mittels GPS erfasst worden. Anhand der Fahrspurtiefe wurde beurteilt, in welchem Umfang potentielle Bodenschäden innerhalb der Befahrungslinien auftreten und ob es diesbezüglich Unterschiede zwischen der Bewirtschaftung eines Landesforstes und eines Privatwaldes gibt. Zusätzlich wurden Parameter der spontanen Vegetation sowie das Vorhandensein von Fremdstoffen erhoben. Die Erfassung ergab einen geringeren Flächenverbrauch durch Befahrungslinien im Landesforst gegenüber dem Privatwald. Die Spuren im Landesforst wiesen jedoch einen höheren Anteil an Fahrspurtiefen ? 15 cm auf. Die aufgenommenen Vegetationsdaten der Gassen ergaben unter anderem ein verstärktes Vorkommen von Juncus effusus als Zeigerpflanze von nassen und verdichteten Böden. Fremdstoffe kamen ausschließlich im Privatwald vor.