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Objectives
Cervical movement impairment has been identified as a core component of cervicogenic headache evaluation. However, normal range of motion values in children has been investigated rarely and no study has reported such values for the flexion–rotation test (FRT). The purpose of this study was to identify normal values and side-to-side variation for cervical spine range of motion (ROM) and the FRT, in asymptomatic children aged 6–12 years. Another important purpose was to identify the presence of pain during the FRT.
Methods
Thirty-four asymptomatic children without history of neck pain or headache (26 females and 8 males, mean age 125.38 months [SD 13.14]) were evaluated. Cervical spine cardinal plane ROM and the FRT were evaluated by a single examiner using a cervical ROM device.
Results
Values for cardinal plane ROM measures are presented. No significant gender difference was found for any ROM measure. Mean difference in ROM for rotation, side flexion, and the FRT were less than one degree. However, intra-individual variation was greater, with lower bound scores of 9.32° for rotation, 5.30° for side flexion, and 10.89° for the FRT. Multiple linear regression analysis indicates that movement in the cardinal planes only explains 19% of the variance in the FRT. Pain scores reported following the FRT were less than 2/10.
Discussion
Children have consistently greater cervical spine ROM than adults. In children, side-to-side variation in rotation and side flexion ROM and range recorded during the FRT indicates that the clinician should be cautious when using range in one direction to determine impairment in another. Range recorded during the FRT is independent of cardinal movement variables, which further adds to the importance of the FRT, as a test that mainly evaluates range of movement of the upper cervical spine.
Soil seed banks have a high potential for vegetation re-establishment in restoration projects. We studied the soil seed bank in an oxbow system of a disconnected floodplain of the Danube River in Southern Germany. The aim of the study was to analyze if floodplain target species were still present in the seed bank after more than 150 years of embankment and disconnection from fluvial dynamics. In this context we investigated seed density, seed bank species richness and species composition in four broad habitat types with and without water-level fluctuations during the time of embankment (permanent water, fluctuating water, reed bed, hardwood floodplain forest). In addition, the similarity between seed bank and above-ground vegetation in these habitat types was studied in order to predict the success of future restoration measures. In total, 124 vascular plant species were determined in the seed bank samples. More than 50 % (66 species) were target species typical for floodplain habitats and 26 of these target species were lost or very rare in the above-ground vegetation. The four habitat types differed significantly in mean seed density and mean species richness. Mean species richness and the number of target species in the seed bank as well as the mean seed density were greatest in the habitats with fluctuating water level whereas mean seed density was much lower in the parts with more or less stable conditions like permanently standing water and hardwood floodplain forest. Sørensen similarity between seed bank and above-ground vegetation was very low in habitats with more or less stable water levels and desirable floodplain target species were very rare or completely absent. Our results indicate that the soil seed bank can be an important seed reservoir for the ecological restoration of floodplain plant communities especially for habitats with unstable environmental conditions during the period of disconnection. Restoration of water level dynamics is important to maintain the seed bank of populations of floodplain target species.
Despite the high significance of the Western Siberian grain belt for crop production in Russia, its weed communities are largely unknown. In this region spring wheat is grown on fertile Chernozem soils with large field sizes but land-use intensity per area is low compared to Central Europe. By usin a randomized sampling design we studied arable weed assemblages in the northern forest-steppe zone of Tyumen region on 99 within-field sampling plots of 100 m² size. Surprisingly, with average of 9.8 ± 3.8 species 100 m-2 species richness was low when compared with low-input farming in Central Europe and did not differ between areas of different land-use intensity. Against expectations species composition was not predominantly controlled by soil characteristics and climate, most likely due to short natural gradients. Instead, management factors such as fertilization and tillage intensity seemed to be important factors. Except for two species the Tyumen weed flora consisted mainly of species that are widespread throughout the temperate zone. We found only 10 species with an origin or core area in North Asia or Eastern Europe. The species pool was generally small and with 26% the proportion of non-native spe cies (archaeophytes) was low, when compared to Central European weed communities. Given that weed communities with higher species richness are described from neighboring Bashkiria, we conclude that arable land-use intensity in Tyumen region is high enough to reduce community species richness within arable fields estimated by a randomized sampling design. Since measured soil nutrient values did not affect species richness, herbicide use is most likely the crucial management factor. Furthermore, species-richness was vitally restricted by the small species pool. The low proportion of thermophilous arable weed species that originate from the Mediterranean or Middle-Eastern area and contribute signif icantly to the Central European weed diversity indicate that climatic dispersal limitations may be re sponsible for the small number of weed species in the Tyumen flora. An additional constraint was the short history of arable farming in Western Siberia, where considerable arable land use was started only by the end of the 17th century.
Eine von Mitbestimmung und Eigenverantwortung geprägte Arbeitsatmosphäre in der Klinik erhöht die Arbeitszufriedenheit bei Hebammen im Kreißsaal. Zu diesem Ergebnis kommt die Erstautorin in ihrer Masterarbeit an der Hochschule Osnabrück. Doch wie kann das Klinikmanagement beeinflussen, ob Mitarbeiter ihren Arbeitsplatz positiv erleben? Die vorliegende Studie ermittelt wichtige Einflussfaktoren und formuliert konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen.
Von 2010 bis 2014 wurden im Rahmen
des Projekts „ProSaum“ Verfahren zur
Wiederansiedlung arten- und blütenreicher Säume und Feldraine mit gebietsheimischem Wildpflanzensaatgut entwickelt. Für die standortangepassten
Saatmischungen wurden einheimische
Pflanzenarten ausgewählt, die typisch für
alte artenreiche Feldraine und mesophile
Saumgesellschaften im Raum Osnabrück
sind. Die Ergebnisse eines Blockversuchs und weiterer Versuche auf Landschaftsebene zeigen, dass es möglich
ist, artenreiche Säume und Feldraine
durch Ansaat in Kombination mit sorgfältiger Bodenbearbeitung und Entwicklungspflege wiederherzustellen. Aus den
Ergebnissen werden Empfehlungen für
die Standortauswahl, Bodenbearbeitung,
Ansaat und Pflege abgeleitet.
Dekubitusprophylaxe. Die Rechtsprechung empfiehlt bei dekubitusgefährdeten Patienten ein Lagerungs- und Bewegungsprotokoll mit Einzelleistungsnachweis zu führen. Der Expertenstandard hingegen rät explizit nicht zu einer standardisierten Planung eines längerfristigen Lagerungsintervalls. Dieses Spannungsfeld sorgt für Unsicherheit speziell im Hinblick auf das neue Strukturmodell zur Entbürokratisierung der Pflegedokumentation.
Im Rahmen dieser Fallstudie wird geprüft, inwieweit sich wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zum Thema Change Management in der Praxis eines mittelständischen Unternehmens wiederfinden lassen. Probleme wie lange Durchlaufzeiten, steigende Kundenanforderungen und Einhaltung der Termintreue stellten die Produktionsabteilung von Kohlebürsten der Josef Mack GmbH & Co. KG zunehmend vor eine Herausforderung. Das Change-Team des Unternehmens adressierte diese Herausforderung, indem es sich auf technischer Ebene des ConWIPKonzepts bediente. Zur Durchsetzung des Konzeptes bei den Mitarbeitern ist Change Management erforderlich. Die Literatur unterscheidet zwischen einem radikalen Ansatz – der Organisationsgestaltung – sowie der Organisationsentwicklung, die primär an einer Verhaltensänderung der Mitarbeiter ansetzt. Man betrieb unter anderem persönliche und offene Kommunikation mit den Mitarbeitern. Darüber hinaus wurde ein iteratives Vorgehen angewandt, das impliziert, dass in der Kohlebürstenabteilung begonnen und mit den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen unternehmensweit gearbeitet wurde. Diese im Unternehmen beobachteten Prinzipien lassen sich der Organisationsentwicklung zuordnen. Ein Telefoninterview mit zwei Mitarbeitern der Josef Mack GmbH & Co. KG sowie eine Literaturrecherche bildeten die methodische Grundlage für diesen Artikel und wurden im Rahmen der vorliegenden Fallstudie aufbereitet. Bereits nach kurzer Zeit konnte das Unternehmen Erfolge aufgrund dieses Vorgehens verbuchen. Da der iterative Ansatz angewandt wurde, kann das mittelständische Unternehmen in Zukunft von den gewonnen Einsichten profitieren und diese auch außerhalb der Kohlebürstenabteilung nutzen. Aufgrund dessen liefert diese Fallstudie sowohl für Theoretiker als auch für Praktiker einen Erkenntnisgewinn.
Our world and our lives are changing in many ways. Communication, networking, and computing technologies are among the most influential enablers that shape our lives today. Digital data and connected worlds of physical objects, people, and devices are rapidly changing the way we work, travel, socialize, and interact with our surroundings, and they have a profound impact on different domains,such as healthcare, environmental monitoring, urban systems, and control and management applications, among several other areas. Cities currently face an increasing demand for providing services that can have an impact on people’s everyday lives. The CityPulse framework supports smart city service creation by means of a distributed system for semantic discovery, data analytics, and interpretation of large-scale (near-)real-time Internet of Things data and social media data streams. To goal is to break away from silo
applications and enable cross-domain data integration. The CityPulse framework integrates multimodal, mixed quality, uncertain and incomplete data to create reliable, dependable information and continuously adapts data processing techniques to meet the quality of information requirements from end users. Different than existing solutions that mainly offer unified views of the data, the CityPulse framework is also equipped with powerful data analytics modules that perform intelligent data aggregation, event detection, quality
assessment, contextual filtering, and decision support. This paper presents the framework, describes ist components, and demonstrates how they interact to support easy development of custom-made applications for citizens. The benefits and the effectiveness of the framework are demonstrated in a use-case scenario
implementation presented in this paper.
Abstract
Kommunikation ist integraler Bestandteil einer gut funktionierenden Corporate Governance (CG) in Unternehmen. CG steckt einen Handlungsrahmen für die institutionelle Unternehmensführung ab – die Richtlinien der Unternehmensverfassung gilt es einzuhalten. Kommunikation wirkt hierbei unterstützend. Führungserfolg tritt ein, wenn die Führungskraft sich in die Lage versetzt, Glaubwürdigkeit und Vertrauen in das eigene, regelgerechte Handeln zu vermitteln. Ein kontinuierliches Erklären und Rückmelden wird in Zeiten eines steten Wandels von Unternehmensregelungen immer wichtiger; es erweist sich gar als unerlässlich, damit ein Unternehmen erfolgreich geführt werden kann. Vor diesem Hintergrund setzt sich dieser Aufsatz mit der Rolle der Unternehmensverfassung und der Principal-Agent-Theorie auseinander. Aufgaben einer kommunikativen Steuerung werden vor diesem Hintergrund formuliert und thematische Konsequenzen daraus abgeleitet. Eine zentrale Rolle spielt hier die Compliance-Kommunikation. Das CG-Thema ist vielfach beschrieben und erörtert. Ein konkreter Bezug zu deren kommunikativer Begleitung erfolgt hingegen seltener; eine tiefergehende Betrachtung erscheint daher lohnenswert. Als Literaturbasis dient (u. a.) die klassische Managementliteratur von Al-Laham & Welge (2008), Macharzina & Wolf (2012) sowie Piwinger & Zerfaß (2014).
Communication within a good working corporate governance (CG) in a company is essential. A framework for institutional management actions is provided by CG – guidelines of a corporate’s constitution are to be complied. An appropriate communication is supportive to this. Management success occurs if the executive is able to convey trust and authenticity. Communication is important and is essential for successful management. This essay deals with the role of the corporate constitution and the issues within the principal-agent-theory. The tasks of communicative control are defined and thematic consequences are derived within this context. Compliance-communication plays a key role. CG has been discussed many times – although a concrete reference between CG and the role of communication is rare. An in depth discussion of this topic is an important area to focus on. As a literature base serve the classics by Al-Laham & Welge (2008), Macharzina & Wolf (2012), Piwinger & Zerfaß (2014).
The conservation of freshwater ecosystems has lagged behind that of marine and terrestrial ecosystems and often requires the integration of large-scale approaches and transboundary considerations. This study aims to set the foundations of a spatial conservation strategy by identifying the most important catchments for the conservation of freshwater biodiversity in Europe.
Using data on 1296 species of fish, mollusc, odonate and aquatic plant, and the key biodiversity area criteria (species Red List status, range restriction and uniqueness of species assemblages), we identified a network of Critical Catchments for the conservation of freshwater biodiversity. Applying spatial prioritisation, we show how the prioritised network differs from the ideal case of protecting all Critical Catchments and how it changes when protected areas are included, and we also identify gaps between the prioritised network and existing protected areas.
Critical Catchments (n = 8423) covered 45% of the area of Europe, with 766 qualifying (‘trigger’) species located primarily in southern Europe. The prioritised network, limited to 17% of the area of Europe, comprised 3492 catchments mostly in southern and eastern Europe and species targets were met for at least 96% of the trigger species.
We found the majority of Critical Catchments to be inadequately covered by protected areas. However, our prioritised network presents a possible solution to augment protected areas to meet policy targets while also achieving good species coverage.
Policy implications. While Critical Catchments cover almost half of Europe, priority catchments are mostly in southern and eastern Europe where the current level of protection is not sufficient. This study presents a foundation for a Europe-wide systematic conservation plan to ensure the persistence of freshwater biodiversity. Our study provides a powerful new tool for optimising investment on the conservation of freshwater biodiversity and for meeting targets set forth in international biodiversity policies, conventions and strategies.
Convergence processes are based on the activity of distinct industry sectors showing cross-industry collaborations. The aim of this paper is to analyze cross-industry collaborations between the food and pharmaceutical sectors in the convergence area of functional foods. Selected companies from food (Nestlé/Danone) and pharmaceutical (Martek/Bayer HealthCare) sectors are analyzed using the determinants of motivation and industrial scope. The analysis shows that food companies are more active in cross-industry collaborations than pharmaceutical companies. The latter are more active at the front-end of the value chain focusing on research and development, and delivering their ingredients to food companies that due to their higher expertise in consumer marketing launch the products. While the first cross-industry collaborations were based on an exploration motivation, those that follow focus on exploitation. Acquisitions and licensing agreements are dominant in inside-out and outside-in processes, whereas strategic alliances and joint ventures are based on a coupled process between the food and pharmaceutical sectors.
The aim of this paper is to advance the research on innovation at the pharma-nutrition interface by analysing the three steps of science, technology and market convergence in the area of probiotics using a life cycle perspective. Results from a bibliometric analysis drawing upon 8245 scientific publications, 2082 patents and 1357 news reports focussing on product launch announcements from 1990 up to 2009 indicate that the proposed curve shapes of the life cycles in the theory based framework can be transferred to the case of probiotics. There is a time shift considering the life cycles showing the same activities of the industrial sectors at different moments of time. The food sector dominates the field of probiotics by driving science, technology and market convergence showing earlier activities in scientific publications, patents as well as product launches, while presenting a higher clockspeed between the different life cycle phases. While the food sector dominates product launches for food products containing probiotics, the pharmaceutical sector dominates the product launches of the supplement market. In addition, a clear trend towards industry convergence can be identified by the growing number of cross-industry activities.
Die Digitalisierung soll die Energieversorgung effizienter und flexibler machen. Künftige Lösungen müssen vor allem die fluktuierende Erzeugung und den Verbrauch in Einklang bringen – ggf. unter Einbeziehung von Energiespeichern. Ein wichtiger Baustein auf diesem Weg ist nach Ansicht des Gesetzgebers die Einführung einer neuen Mess- und Kommunikationsinfrastruktur. Mit dem Gesetz zur Digitalisierung der Energiewende ist nun die rechtliche Basis für den verpflichtenden Einbau von intelligenten Messsystemen (Smart Meter) gelegt worden. Diese Geräte sollen Verbraucher präzise über den eigenen Stromverbrauch informieren, variable Tarife ermöglichen und als Kommunikationsplattform im intelligenten Energienetz dienen. Der Beitrag analysiert nach einem kurzen Überblick über die Bedeutung und Entwicklung des Smart Metering (I.) die grundlegenden Neuerungen des Rechtsrahmens zum Messstellenbetrieb (II.). Auf dieser Grundlage werden die Regelungen einer kritischen Würdigung unterzogen (III.). Ein Fazit schließt diesen Beitrag ab (IV.).