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Keynes’ Grandchildren and Easterlin’s Paradox. What Is Keeping Us from Reducing Our Working Hours?
(2019)
In 1930 Keynes famously predicted that 100 years later-i.e. in 2030-the “economic problem” would be solved and we would be living in an “age of leisure and of abundance” working only 3 h a day. In the same text, Keynes stated that there are absolute and relative needs (“in the sense that we feel them only if their satisfaction lifts us above, makes us feel superior to, our fellows”), but he thought that relative needs are of minor importance. Richard Easterlin’s work, on the other hand, suggests that relative needs are pervasive and that wellbeing depends much more on one’s relative income than Keynes once thought.
It will be argued in this text that Richard Easterlin’s findings, in spite of proving Keynes off the mark in his understatement of relative needs, strengthens the case for working time reductions: the larger the proportion of goods subject to the relative-income effect, the greater are the benefits of working fewer hours. Perhaps the main explanation for why we are still sticking to the 40-h work-week is that the Easterlin paradox has not been widely understood yet.
Thirty years ago, the Fourth King of Bhutan famously proclaimed that ―Gross National Happiness is more important than Gross National Product, thereby setting Bhutan on a holistic development path. Following this historic declaration, Bhutan developed a Gross National Happiness (GNH) Index and screening tool to evaluate all new policies, proclaiming that:
―Gross National Happiness measures the quality of a country in more holistic way [than GNP] and believes that the beneficial development of human society takes place when material and spiritual development occur side by side to complement and reinforce each other.
In July 2011, 68 nations joined Bhutan in co-sponsoring its UN General Assembly resolution on ―Happiness: Towards a Holistic Approach to Development.
Despite decades of empirical happiness research, there is still little evidence for the positive effect of economic growth on life satisfaction. This poses a major challenge to welfare economic theory and to normative conceptions of socio-economic development. This book endeavours to explain these findings and to make sense of their ethical implications.
While most of the existing literature on empirical happiness research is ultimately interested in understanding how to improve human lives and societal development, the ethical backdrop against which these findings are evaluated is rarely made explicit. In contrast to this, Professor Hirata focuses on the role happiness should play in an ethically founded conception of good development. Taking a development ethics perspective, this book proposes a nuanced conception of happiness that includes both its affective and its normative dimensions and embeds this in a comprehensive conception of good development.
The argument is that happiness should not be regarded as the only thing that determines a good life and that good development cannot sensibly be thought of as a matter of maximizing happiness. Happiness should rather be seen as an important indicator for the presence or absence of those concerns that really matter to people: the reasons that give rise to happiness. This book should be of interest to students and researchers of economics, psychology and development studies.
Die moderne Glücksforschung ist über die vergangenen Jahre überaus produktiv gewesen und hat zweifellos einige wertvolle Erkenntnisse zutage gefördert. Dieser Produktivität steht jedoch eine gewisse Orientierungslosigkeit und Heterogenität gegenüber - als Beobachter weiß man gelegentlich nicht so recht, worin denn das übergeordnete Ziel der betriebenen Forschung und die Bedeutung der jeweiligen Forschungsergebnisse bestehen. Ausgehend von einer Untersuchung der Voraussetzungen und Methoden der modernen Glücksforschung werden einige grundlegende Fragen und die mögliche Bedeutung der Glücksforschung für die Ökonomik kritisch erörtert.
In einem gemeinsamen Fachaufsatz verbinden die Autoren Determann und Ostheim die Erkenntnisse aus ihren Abschlussarbeiten am Institut für Kommunikationsmanagement. Eingangs findet sich eine theoretische Einordnung der Litigation-PR, in der die zunehmende Medialisierung der Gesellschaft und entsprechend auch die der Justiz als Ursprung einer strategischen Rechtskommunikation in der Öffentlichkeit ausgemacht werden. Im weiteren Verlauf gehen die Autoren insbesondere auf die Praxis spezialisierter PR-Agenturen ein. Der Aufsatz schließt mit einem Ausblick auf die Entwicklung der strategischen Rechtskommunikation in der nahen Zukunft und die Berufsperspektiven für das Kommunikationsmanagement.