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Institute
Bei der Sichtung von Bewerbungsunterlagen wird in der Praxis u.a. biographischen Fakten eine große Bedeutung zugeschrieben, dabei ist deren Validität nicht selten ungewiss. Die vorliegende Studie verfolgt den Zweck, in einem spezifischen Bereich die vorliegende Erkenntnislücke zu schließen. Überprüft wird, inwieweit die Leitung von Jugendfreizeiten – genauer gesagt das Leiten von Reisegruppen mit Kindern und Jugendlichen – ein sinnvoller Indikator für die Ausprägung der sog. „Big Five“ ist. Im Rahmen einer Online-Studie wurden 358 Reiseleiter befragt. Für weibliche Reiseleiter ergaben sich im Vergleich zu einer bevölkerungsrepräsentativen Stichprobe signifikant erhöhte Werte für Extraversion, Verträglichkeit und Gewissenhaftigkeit sowie signifikant niedrigere Werte für Neurotizismus und Offenheit. Männliche Reiseleiter zeigten signifikant erhöhte Werte bei der Extraversion und signifikant reduzierte Werte beim Neurotizismus. Das Ausmaß der Erfahrungen als Reiseleiter korrelierte nur sehr geringfügig mit der Ausprägung der Persönlichkeitsmerkmale. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Tätigkeit als Reiseleiter in diesem Sinne ein mit Einschränkungen valides Kriterium bei der Sichtung von Bewerbungsunterlagen darstellt.
Ausgehend vom Begriff der Bildungslandschaft und einem veränderten Management zwischen Bildungsorganisationen wird in diesem Beitrag ein theoretisches Modell entwickelt. Dieses Modell beleuchtet die Bestimmung eines konzeptionellen Kerns im Bereich vernetzter Bildung, um Zielperspektiven bewertbar zu machen. Dabei werden Entkoppelungen beschrieben, die den konzeptionellen Kern von Bildungslandschaft als erziehungswissenschaftlicher Kategorie ausmachen. Zudem wird eine mögliche Heuristik zum Modell der ‚signifikanten Raumbildungserlebnisse‘ dargestellt. Bildungslandschaften können, als operatives Netzwerkkonzept verstanden, günstige Rahmenbedingungen für die Gestaltung von Bildungsinfrastrukturen bieten, wenn in den Organisationen und den kommunalen Verwaltungs- und Planungszusammenhängen Voraussetzungen dafür geschaffen werden.
In dieser grundlegenden Darstellung wird ein orientierender Einblick in das Handlungsfeld, seine Geschichte, seine Organisationsformen und die auslösenden gesellschaftlichen Problemlagen gegeben. Die arbeitsfeldbezogenen Berichte und Übersichten liefern fundierte Sachinformation, beleuchten Entwicklungstrends, markieren Grenzen und zeigen Widersprüche zwischen Anspruch und Wirklichkeit auf. Der Band ist ein Basistext für Ausbildung und Praxis in der Kinder- und Jugendhilfe.
The assessment of somatosensory function is a cornerstone of research and clinical practice in neurology. Recent initiatives have developed novel protocols for quantitative sensory testing (QST). Application of these methods led to intriguing findings, such as the presence lower pain-thresholds in healthy children compared to healthy adolescents. In this article, we (re-) introduce the basic concepts of signal detection theory (SDT) as a method to investigate such differences in somatosensory function in detail. SDT describes participants’ responses according to two parameters, sensitivity and response-bias. Sensitivity refers to individuals’ ability to discriminate between painful and non-painful stimulations. Response-bias refers to individuals’ criterion for giving a “painful” response. We describe how multilevel models can be used to estimate these parameters and to overcome central critiques of these methods. To provide an example we apply these methods to data from the mechanical pain sensitivity test of the QST protocol. The results show that adolescents are more sensitive to mechanical pain and contradict the idea that younger children simply use more lenient criteria to report pain. Overall, we hope that the wider use of multilevel modeling to describe somatosensory functioning may advance neurology research and practice.
Aims:
To assess the diagnostic utility of a novel abbreviated monofilament test in comparison with the tuning fork test to detect diabetic peripheral neuropathy in children.
Methods:
A total of 88 children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus were screened for diabetic peripheral neuropathy using the monofilament test and the tuning fork. Nerve conduction studies were performed according to the ‘gold standard’ for neuropathy. We assessed the diagnostic utility and inter-rater agreement of the two screening methods.
Results:
A total of 43 (49%) children (aged 6–18 years) had at least one abnormal nerve conduction study result. Diagnostic utility and inter-rater agreement were very low for both screening methods. The monofilament test yielded a sensitivity of 18% and a specificity of 80%. The tuning fork yielded a sensitivity of 0% and a specificity of 98%.
Conclusion:
The present study found that an abbreviated monofilament test has low diagnostic utility for the detection of early diabetic peripheral neuropathy because of its low reliability. The problem of reliability needs to be more thoroughly addressed in order to improve the screening procedures in diabetes management in childhood and adolescence.
Background:
Recurrent pain is a common experience in childhood, but only few children with recurrent pain attend a physician. Previous studies yielded conflicting findings with regard to predictors of health care utilization in children with recurrent pain.
Methods:
The present study analyzes data from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) study comprising n = 2,149 children (3–10 years old) with recurrent pain to find robust predictors.We used multiple logistic regressions to investigate age, gender, socio-economic status(SES), migration background, pain intensity, pain frequency, pain-related disability, mental health problems, and health-related quality of life (HRQL) as predictors for visiting a doctor due to pain.
Results:
Overall, young girls with high pain-related disability, intensity, frequency, and migration background were more likely to attend a physician. Pain-related disability had the largest impact. Socioeconomic status, health-related quality of life anmental health problems were not systematically related to health care utilization. An analysis of the variability of these results indicated that several hundred participants
are needed until the results stabilize.
Conclusions:
Our findings highlight the importance of pain-related disability and frequency in assessing the severity of recurrent pain. Generic predictors and demographic variables are of lesser relevance to children with recurrent pain. On a methodological level, our results show that large-scale studies are need to reliably
identify predictors of health care utilization.
Usability is a core construct of website evaluation and inherently defined as interactive. Yet, when analysing first impressions of websites, expected usability, i.e., before use, is of interest. Here we investigate to what extend ratings of expected usability are related to (a) experienced usability, i.e., ratings after use, and (b) objective usability measures, i.e., task performance. Furthermore, we try to elucidate how ratings of expected usability are correlated to aesthetic judgments. In an experiment, 57 participants submitted expected usability ratings after the presentation of website screenshots in three viewing-time conditions (50, 500, and 10,000 ms) and after an interactive task (experienced usability). Additionally, objective usability measures (task completion and duration) and subjective aesthetics evaluations were recorded for each website. The results at both the group and individual level show that expected usability ratings are not significantly related either to experienced usability or objective usability measures. Instead, they are highly correlated with aesthetics ratings. Taken together, our results highlight the need for interaction in empirical website usability testing, even when exploring very early usability impressions. In our study, user ratings of expected usability were no valid proxy neither for objective usability nor for experienced website usability.