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Physically unclonable functions (PUFs) are a promising way of introducing hardware-based security primitives into widely used digital systems such as Internet of Things (IoT) devices or Industry 4.0 production plants. Former research attempts focused on conceptually evaluating SRAM PUFs in particular, thus forming the theoretical basis for this paper. The real-world applicability of the proposed SRAM PUFs has hardly been shown before. Therefore, this paper contributes an SRAM PUF implementation based on commodity off-the-shelf (CoTS) hardware, in particular an ESP32 microcontroller. Most notably, the proposed concept does not require any additional hardware. This is a decisive factor for the overall applicability in real-world scenarios since it can be executed on every general-purpose ESP32 microcontroller. Furthermore, this paper provides a detailed PUF algorithm overview which has also been implemented in soft- and hardware. To support the various theoretical benefits of the proposed system, a statistical evaluation of the robustness and overall performance of the PUF concept is also part of this paper. The results show, that the ESP32 SRAM PUF concept allows for a secure on-device authentication based on nanoscale hardware variations during the manufacturing of the ESP32 SRAM cells.
Radio-based communication systems such as 5G and the upcoming 6G are playing an increasingly important role in the industrial environment. Especially in the context of Industry 4.0, flexibility in communication is becoming increasingly important. More and more sensors, actuators or assemblies in general must be securely networked. The use of wired transmission technology is generally considered very reliable, but offers immense disadvantages in terms of flexibility. Moving components, for example rotating units, or Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV)s represent a central weak point here. Especially in the industrial environment, 5G campus networks will provide essential contributions to solving these challenges. However, the use of radio-based transmission technology requires detailed planning, which must be taken into account as early as the design stage of a system, since shadowing or multipath-propagation, for example, could interfere with communication. Especially for Industry 4.0, the Asset Administration Shell (AAS) offers an approach for the preliminary integration of 5Gbased communication into the value chain, which can also be used as a basis for a 5G-Digital Twin (DT). This paper considers the relevance of the topic, the work already underway in industry, and also in standardization. Finally, an exemplary preparation of relevant parameters for the creation of a AAS submodel is given.
With its versatility, flexibility, adaptability and high performance, 5G is a pioneering communications standard for industry and society. In particular, the development of private networks, often referred to as campus networks, is playing an increasingly important role here, as individual applications and usage requirements can be covered by an autonomous communication network. In this work, a private 5G network deployment including the setup of a 5G core network and radio access network is presented. With the proposed methods, a 5G core can be installed in less than 30 minutes. The evaluation of the proposed 5G system shows that 5G campus networks are capable of the demands for the different use cases of 5G. Furthermore, software tools for easy monitoring the health and status of the network are developed within this work.
Industry 4.0 Security Trust Anchors : Considering Supply Voltage Effects on SRAM-PUF Reliability
(2023)
The ongoing development towards the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and the industrial metaverse pose several challenges for both, customers and manufacturers. These relate mainly to security, usability and energy consumption of the utilized hardware. As most industrial use-cases are referring on traditional communication scenarios and considering data generated and exchanged between producer and consumers, there is a fundamental need for confidentially, integrity and authenticity within the systems. A worthwhile approach to meeting these requirements are Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs): Semiconductors, which are - based on nano-scale and uncontrollable imperfections occurring during manufacturing of the microchip - in particular suitable for resource-constrained and lightweight applications. Potential implementations for PUF thereby range from unique device’s fingerprint, to secret key derivation, to seeds for True Random Number Generators (TRNGs). This work proposes another potential application of SRAM-PUFs, specifically as an additional source of entropy for a Password-Based Key Derivation Function (PBKDF) communication scheme. Apart from an evaluation of the proposed concept, the suitability of SRAM cells is demonstrated by a dependence study on the effects of supply voltage fluctuation.