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Container-based lightweight buildings offer a high ecologic and economic potential when they are designed as nearly zero-energy container buildings (NZECBs). Thus, they are relevant to energy transition in achieving an almost climate-neutral building stock. This paper describes and applies design strategies for suitable building concepts and energy systems to be used in NZECBs for different climates. Therefore, different applications in representative climatic zones were selected. Initially, the global climate zones were characterized and analyzed with regard to their potential for self-sufficiency and renewable energies in buildings. The design strategies were further developed and demonstrated for three cases: a single-family house in Sweden, a multi-family house in Germany, and a small school building in rural Ethiopia. For each case, design guidelines were derived and building concepts were developed. On the basis of these input data, various energy concepts were developed in which solar and wind energy, as well as biomass, were integrated as renewable energy sources. All the concepts were simulated and analyzed with the Polysun® software. The various approaches were compared and evaluated, particularly with regard to energy self-sufficiency. Self-sufficiency rates up to 80% were achieved. Finally, the influence of different climate zones on the energy efficiency of the single-family house was studied as well as the influence of the size of battery storage and insulation.
In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, wie sich ein steigender energetischer Autarkiegrad eines speziellen containerbasierten Einfamilienhauses auf verschiedene ökologische Indikatoren auswirkt. Zur Steigerung des Autarkiegrades wurden folgende Komponenten verbaut und variiert: Photovoltaik (PV) mit und ohne Batteriespeicher sowie Vakuum-Isolations-Paneelen (VIP) und Phasenwechselmaterialien (PCM) in der Gebäudehülle. Bei der Betrachtung der Umweltbelastungen stehen dabei die folgenden Lebenswegphasen im Vordergrund: Herstellung, Nutzung und Verwertung. Das Recycling Potenzial spielt hier eine untergeordnete Rolle. Nach der Definition des Gebäudes und der Ermittlung der Wärme und Strombedarfswerte werden die Ergebnisse für die verschiedenen Umweltindikatoren einzeln errechnet. Das Treibhauspotenzial (GWP), Versauerungspotenzial (AP) und der abiotische Ressourcenverbrauch werden in Abhängigkeit vom Autarkiegrad dargestellt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die ökologisch günstigste Lösung je nach Umweltindikator sehr unterschiedlich ausgeprägt ist und zwischen 0 bis 75 % Autarkiegrad liegt. Abschließend findet eine kurze ökonomische Betrachtung statt.
This study compares the technical viability and ecologic benefits of solar thermal energy systems with PV-supported heat-pump systems within the South African beverage sector. Different configurations of solar thermal (ST), photovoltaics (PV) and heat pumps are modelled and evaluated. After a general consideration, simulation results for three selected cases with operating temperatures below and above 100 °C are modelled and examined. The cost of heat and CO2 emissions are evaluated for solar thermal systems and heat-pump systems with and without photovoltaic support. The effect of “Loadshedding” is discussed, especially for the application of high-temperature heat pumps (HTHP). While batteries are quite expensive, thermal storage tanks can be used to cover most of the process heat demand. The study finds that the LCOH and CO2 emissions can be reduced significantly at temperatures below 100°C compared to oil fired boilers. When high-temperature steam is produced, the LCOH is at least twice that of coal-fired steam boilers. Furthermore, the effect of feed-in tariffs is discussed. Therefore, the study suggests the need for additional research to optimize systems that reduce steam requirements, leading to improved economics of heat pumps and solar thermal. It also calls for a collaborative effort to promote the development and funding of high-temperature heat pumps for industrial use.
A suspension of PMMA spheres in a density matched saccharose solution is investigated with a classical Searle rheometer and a NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectrometer. Here the NMR is used to measure the radial distribution of the PMMA spheres in the rotating cell, in addition to the local velocity profile of the suspension. The influence of particle concentration on the wall depletion is studied. Further analysis are carried out with computational fluid dynamics software. The velocity field as well as the solid distribution in the couette flow is simulated with a two-phase model including the Darcy law and compared to the experimental data.
Making solar thermal systems less expensive, often results in a lower system efficiency. However, the cost-benefit ratio is relevant from the perspective of the consumer. The complex impact of component-related and system-related design parameters on the economics of a complete system makes the evaluation and economical optimization difficult.
Therefore, a complete simulation environment has been developed, which can automatically optimize solar-thermal systems,including collector and system parameters. The main collector module consists of a one-dimensional thermal model that was validated with a commercial solar collector. The efficiency curve and the production cost werecalculated as a function of several design and construction parameters. The collector module was linked to the commercial software Polysun®, so that parametric studies can be performed with minimaleffort. Optimization problems can be solved by using the Matlab® optimization toolbox.
The simulation environment wasused for sensitivity studies and optimization problems in order to analyze the impact of collector design-parameters with respect to system cost, system yield andeconomic values. We will demonstrate how a collector can be optimized and how the ideal system parameters like collector number and storage volume can be easily calculated. Finally, we will show how the optimizer is used for a given system in order to find ideal values for the absorber-sheet thickness and the number of pipes. Due to the holistic approach, the application of this tool set can be used for collector development as well as for system planning.
Die Kostenreduzierung solarthermischer Systeme bleibt eine der großen Herausforderungen, um die Solarthermie wirtschaftlich attraktiv zu machen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine vollständige Simulationsumgebung geschaffen, mit der bereits in der Entwicklungsphase automatisierte Optimierungen in Bezug auf Ertrag und Wirtschaftlichkeit von Kollektoren und Systemen zur Brauchwassererwärmung und Heizungsunterstützung möglich sind. Die Anwendung dieses Simulationstools ist sowohl für den Komponentenhersteller als auch für den Systemplaner relevant.
Film- und Alltagsszenen als Lernfeld für die mathematisch-technische Modellbildung und Simulation
(2016)
Es werden ausgewählte Beispiele und Ideen vorgestellt, die Studierende des Moduls "Modellierung und Simulation" besonders motivieren sollen, mathematisch-technische Problemstellungen wissen-schaftlich zu bearbeiten. Dabei werden Fragestellungen aus dem persönlichen Alltag, aber auch aus dem Alltag berühmter Geheimagenten behandelt. Zu diesen Projekten gehören die Erstellung geeigneter mathematischer Modelle, die Implementierung in Matlab/Simulink® sowie die Systemsimulation. Die Erfahrungen zu Motivation und Erfolg, aber auch zu Schwierigkeiten bei der Bearbeitung werden abschließend reflektiert.
Die Kostenreduzierung solarthermischer Systeme bleibt eine der großen Herausforderungen, um die Solarthermie wirtschaftlich attraktiv zu machen. Es wurde eine vollständige Simulationsumgebung geschaffen, mit der bereits in der Entwicklungsphase automatisierte Optimierungen in Bezug auf Ertrag und Wirtschaftlichkeit von Kollektoren und Systemen zur Brauchwassererwärmung und Heizungsunterstützung möglich sind. Dabei können konstruktive wie auch systemische Parameter variiert und optimiert werden.
Es wurde ein numerisches Modell insbesondere für thermosiphonische Fassadensysteme entwickelt und mit experimentellen Daten validiert. Mittels Systemsimulation wurden die Sensitivitäten des solaren Deckungsgrades in Abhängigkeit von diversen Design- und Einflussparametern untersucht. Es zeigt sich, dass Fassaden- bzw. Balkonsysteme durch die optimale Wahl der Parameter einen attraktiven Beitrag zur Energieeinsparung in großen Wohnkomplexen darstellen.
The deployment of containers as building modules has grown in popularity over the past years due to their inherent strength, modular construction, and relatively low cost. The upcycled container architecture is being accepted since it is more eco-friendly than using the traditional building materials with intensive carbon footprint. Moreover, owing to the unquestionable urgency of climate change, existing climate-adaptive design strategies may no longer respond effectively as they are supposed to work in the previous passive design. Therefore, this paper explores the conceptual design for an upcycled shipping container building, which is designed as a carbon-smart modular living solution to a single family house under three design scenarios, related to cold, temperate, and hot–humid climatic zones, respectively. The extra feature of future climate adaption has been added by assessing the projected future climate data with the ASHRAE Standard 55 and Current Handbook of Fundamentals Comfort Model. Compared with the conventional design, Rome would gradually face more failures in conventional climate-adaptive design measures in the coming 60 years, as the growing trends in both cooling and dehumidification demand. Consequently, the appropriate utilization of internal heat gains are proposed to be the most promising measure, followed by the measure of windows sun shading and passive solar direct gain by using low mass, in the upcoming future in Rome. Future climate projection further shows different results in Berlin and Stockholm, where the special attention is around the occasional overheating risk towards the design goal of future thermal comfort.