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With the increasing size and complexity of embedded systems, the impact of software on energy consumption is becoming more important. Previous research focused mainly on energy optimization at the hardware level. However, little research has been carried out regarding energy optimization at the software design level. This paper focuses on the software design level and addresses the gap between software and hardware design for embedded systems. This is achieved by proposing a framework for software design patterns, which takes aspects of power consumption and time behavior of the hardware level into account. We evaluate the expressiveness of the framework by applying it to well-known and novel design patterns. Furthermore, we introduce a dimensionless numerical efficiency factor to make possible energy savings quantifiable.
The term ”Agriculture 4.0” emerged from the term “Industry 4.0” like amany other “4.0” terms. However, are Industry 4.0 technologies and concepts really applicable to agriculture? Are the benefits that Industry 4.0 brings to industrial use cases transferable to livestock farming? This paper tries to answer this question for the three dominant sectors of livestock farming in Central Europe and Germany: Poultry, pig fattening, and dairy farming. These sectors are analyzed along with the eight most relevant Industry 4.0 benefits. The results show that only part of the Industry 4.0 benefits are relevant for livestock farming in a similar manner as in industrial production. Due to basic differences between industrial and livestock farming use cases, some of the benefits must be adapted. The presence of individual living animals and the strong environmental impact of livestock farming affect the role of digital individualization and demand orientation. The position of livestock farming within the value chain minimizes the need for flexibilization. The introduction and adoption of Industry 4.0 concepts and technologies may contribute significantly to transforming agriculture into something that may be called Agriculture 4.0. Technologies are indispensable for this development step, but vocational education and open-mindedness of farmers towards Industry 4.0 is essential as well.
Industry 4.0 is currently considered a structural implementation of networked and cooperative digitisation. It is now to be investigated to what extent these structures are also suitable for agriculture and whether approaches to this already exist. To this end, the key points of Industry 4.0 will be analysed in order to subsequently test them using agricultural examples. Many approaches of Industry 4.0 can also be used for Agriculture 4.0. In some cases, adjustments will have to be made because agriculture has a different basic structure. As with use in industry, it is also apparent in agriculture that there is still a need for action in networking systems.
Driven by the success of Internet of Things, the number of embedded systems is constantly increasing. Reducing power consumption and improving energy efficiency are among the key challenges for battery-powered embedded systems. Additionally, threats like climate change clearly illustrate the need for systems with low resource usages. Due to the impact of software applications on the system’s power consumption, it is important to optimize the software design even in early development phases. The important role of the software layer is often overlooked because energy consumption is commonly associated with the hardware layer. As a result, existing research mainly focuses on energy optimization at the hardware level, while only limited research has been published on energy optimization at the software design level. This work presents a novel approach to propose an energy-aware software design pattern framework description, which takes power consumption and time behavior into account. We evaluate the expressiveness of the framework by defining design patterns, which use elaborated power-saving strategies for various hardware components to reduce the overall energy consumption of an embedded system. Furthermore, we introduce a dimensionless numerical efficiency factor to make energy savings quantifiable and a comparison for design patterns applied in various use cases possible.
Dieser Beitrag vergleicht die Nutzbarkeit der Funkstandards Narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT) und Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) zur Datenübertragung von Sensoren, die in den Boden eingebracht sind. Zur Messung der Empfangsqualität wurde jeweils ein mit den Funktechnologien ausgestattetes Sensorboard in Tiefen von bis zu 60 cm in eine landwirtschaftliche Fläche eingebracht und wieder mit Erdreich bedeckt. Dabei wurden Signalstärke (RSSI) und Signal-Rausch-Abstand (SNR) ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sowohl NB-IoT als auch LoRaWAN eine ausreichende Bodendurchdringung besitzen und damit eine zuverlässige Kommunikation mit Bodensensoren ermöglichen. Die Auswahl kann abhängig von der Komplexität des Anwendungsszenarios und dem Kostenaufwand erfolgen. Kombiniert mit einer energieeffizienten Elektronik und passender Bodensensorik sind bei vertretbarem Kostenrahmen neue Einsatzgebiete für Precision-Farming erschließbar.
Miniquadrocopter aus dem „Amateurbereich“ können als autonome Hilfssysteme im Gewächshaus zum Beispiel für Monitoringzwecke oder als Ausbringsystem für Nützlinge agieren. Wichtige Punkte sind dabei zu beachten: Es sind Konzepte erforderlich, die einen Drohnenbetrieb ohne den Einsatz von GPS-Steuerung ermöglichen, da Gewächshäuser aufgrund ihrer Bedachungsmaterialien teilweise oder vollständig von den GPS-Signalen abgeschirmt sind. Prinzipiell kommen zwei Ansätze in Frage: a. Man ersetzt die Steuerungssoftware der Drohne durch eine offene Systemarchitektur. Nachteil dabei ist, dass nicht alle Drohnen einen einfachen Ersatz der originären Steuerungssoftware erlauben. b. Die Drohnensoftware wird im originären Zustand belassen und nur die GPS-Signale werden durch eigene Ortungssignale ersetzt. In unserem FlyingData-Projekt wurde eine Kombination aus beiden Ansätzen mit Erfolg umgesetzt.
Due to the lack of mobile infrastructure in rural areas, a lot of modern technologies can't be used effciently. With Long Range (LoRa) and Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN), there are new concepts for wireless long-range communication which have been established. They enable a modern technical solution to communicate in rural areas, where current mobile network coverage is missing. This paper investigates LoRaWAN for agriculture-based use cases. Hence, two use cases were evaluated. In the first use case, the temperature of a horse stable was measured and transmitted by taking the minimal use of the radio channel into account. In the second use case, a self-developed device was buried into the agriculture land at a depth of 10 down to 60 cm to analyze the soil properties and test the permeability of agriculture land. Additionally, a server and gateway architecture with access to a cloud system for data processing purposes was designed and in a second step, a low power prototype with different sensors for data collection for the described use cases was developed. The main benefit of this paper is the evaluation of LoRaWAN for the use in indoor and outdoor applications for agricultural businesses. The presented results are the first step for area-wide real-time monitoring of important agriculture data in rural areas which enables the precision reaction to physical changes.
Industry 4.0 is currently considered the structural implementation of networked and cooperative digitalisation and the next step in technological and social development. The aim of this paper is to examine how these structures are also suitable for agriculture and whether there are already approaches to this. Therefore, the main aspects of Industry 4.0 will be analysed and compared with agricultural examples from arable farming and livestock farming. The study shows that the approaches of Industry 4.0 are also useful for agriculture. However, they must be adapted to agriculture, as it has a different basic structure. As in industry, it is also evident in agriculture that there is still a need for action in the organisational and technical networking of systems.
The technical report describes in a poster issue the developments of hardware and software in the FlyingData project of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL), Germany. The project was carried out by Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences together with industrial partners. A quadrocopter prototype was created that can autonomously fly routes in the greenhouse without GPS signals. The Report information includes all hardware and software components used for the development.