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Die Autoren präsentieren einen innovativen Ansatz für Circular Economy (CE)-Strategien mit hohem Umweltpotenzial. Dieser Ansatz betont Verweigerung, Umdenken und Reduzieren, indem die Perspektive vom Verbraucher auf soziale Praktiken verschoben wird. Dabei wird Suffizienz als Schlüsselkonzept eingeführt, das entscheidend ist, um Umweltbelastungen durch CE zu reduzieren und die Transformation des Produktions- und Konsumsystems zu fördern. Die Autoren betonen, dass nachhaltige Kreislaufwirtschaft ohne Suffizienz nicht möglich ist.
Die Studie berichtet über einen Fall, in dem die Über-Verfügbarkeit durch das Konzept der Genügsamkeit ersetzt wurde. Die Autoren beobachten, wie Suffizienz in die Lebensstile der Teilnehmer integriert wird, insbesondere durch einen Farmboxing-Ansatz. Obwohl die Verallgemeinerung des Falls begrenzt ist, zeigt die Studie das Potenzial niedrigschwelliger Einführungen von Suffizienz, wie beispielsweise öffentlicher Raum für gärtnerische Aktivitäten.
Die Autoren betonen jedoch die Notwendigkeit weiterer empirischer Arbeit, um die Bedeutung von Suffizienz in verschiedenen sozialen Praktiken zu verstehen. Sie schlagen vor, dass der Zeitpunkt für solche Forschungen günstig ist, angesichts aktueller globaler Entwicklungen und der steigenden Nachfrage nach Strategien zur Ressourcenverringerung.
Die Studie identifiziert Herausforderungen, darunter unklare Faktoren, die nicht berücksichtigt wurden, wie die Rolle des sozialen Umfelds und die Übertragbarkeit der Ergebnisse auf andere Lebensbereiche. Die Autoren planen bereits eine Folgestudie mit quantitativen und qualitativen Analysen sowie Lebenszyklusanalysen.
Abschließend schlagen die Autoren vor, klare Definitionen für Wiederverwendung, Umdenken und Reduzierung zu entwickeln, basierend auf empirischen Daten und Beispielen sozialer Praktiken. Sie fordern auch dazu auf, Theorien sozialer Praktiken auf andere CE-Strategien anzuwenden, da soziale Praktiken nicht auf privaten Konsum beschränkt sind.
In einer konsumorientierten Kultur ein Leben der Suffizienz zu führen, ist vielleicht eines der ehrgeizigsten Experimente, die ein Mensch unternehmen kann. Um diese Herausforderung zu untersuchen, haben wir einen sozial-praktischen Ansatz gewählt. Dieser Artikel basiert auf 42 qualitativen Interviews, in denen die Befragten gefragt wurden, warum und wie sie sich in einer westlichen Infrastruktur und Kultur suffizient verhalten. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Suffizienz-orientierte Menschen bei ihren ressourcenintensiven Handlungen auf bestimmte Bedeutungen in der Alltagspraxis zurückgreifen. Diese Bedeutungen umfassen eine Mischung aus umweltfreundlichen Einstellungen, positiven sozialen Absichten und/oder persönlichen Verpflichtungen zur Sparsamkeit. Darüber hinaus haben wir eine Reihe spezifischer Praktiken identifiziert, darunter Teilen, Recycling und Wiederverwendung, die für einen ressourcenschonenden Lebensstil nützlich sind. Für unsere Befragten sind viele dieser Suffizienz-Praktiken regelmäßig im täglichen Leben anzutreffen und wurden nur selten hinterfragt. Anhand einer zusätzlichen Umfrage zeigen wir, dass diese Routinen zu einem weniger ressourcenintensiven Lebensstil führen und wie es einer kleinen Gruppe von Menschen gelungen ist, sich Suffizienzpraktiken anzugewöhnen. Die Mehrheit sieht jedoch keine Notwendigkeit für eine häufigere Umsetzung solcher Routinen, da die täglichen Entscheidungsprozesse weitgehend auf den Konsum von Produkten ausgerichtet sind.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to distinguish different types of sustainable digital entrepreneurs (SDEs) and explore their approaches toward enhancing organizational resilience.
Design/methodology/approach
Investigation of entrepreneur characteristics using Grounded Theory methodology; 12 semi-structured telephone interviews with (owner-)managers of digital-resilient small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and start-ups in Germany; adaptation of a sustainability-digitalization-matrix for initial clustering; investigation of reoccurring patterns (within and between clusters) through variable-oriented content analysis; application of the capability-based conceptualization of organizational resilience for synthesis and extension.
Findings
First, the authors present a new typology of SDEs, including descriptions of the four main types (Process-Oriented System Thinker, Unconventional Strategist, Dynamic Visionary and Success-Oriented Opportunist). Second, the authors propose a conceptual framework with six success factors of organizational resilience. The framework accentuates the influence of SDEs on organizational culture and the macro-environment.
Practical implications
Digital sustainability and resilience are emerging management principles. The insights gained will allow (future) entrepreneurs to perform a self-assessment and replicate approaches toward enhancing SME resilience; for example, governing the co-creation of an organizational culture with a strong integrative view on sustainability and digitalization.
Originality/value
SMEs are characterized by high vulnerability and a reactive response to the disruptions caused by sustainability crises and digitalization. Blending sustainable and digital entrepreneurship at a micro-level, the authors identified the success factors underpinning organizational resilience that are associated with the characteristics of four types of SDEs.
Background
Citizen energy cooperatives (CECOs) are an important element for realising the transformation of the European energy system from a central system, dominated by a few market players to a decentralized system with the participation of many citizens, in which energy supply is largely based on renewable energy sources. This article identifies success factors that ensure a working organization that is capable of implementing projects to support the energy transition and improving the well-being of citizens.
Methods
The aim of this study is to identify success factors using the example of CECOs in north western Germany through a two-step process. The first step is a literature review to identify success factors of CECOs. Second, 12 semi-structured expert interviews with managers of CECOs are conducted and evaluated by means of a qualitative content analysis. The interviews identified the success factors and barriers of CECOs. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The coding process was carried out using a qualitative data analysis software (ATLAS.ti 8.4.5,).
Results
The results show that three factors particular should be present, but can influence each other, to lead to successful CECOs: (1) the CECOs require business models with low complexity, as business models that span different stages of the value chain can overwhelm organizational managers. (2) Committed key individuals must be found and promoted. They need the support of the members. (3) Social and ecological principles are the core values of CECOs. The maintenance and strengthening of social–ecological credibility must be promoted in the public perception.
Conclusions
The results show that CECOs emerge from a strong social cohesion in a society. In addition, local "key individuals" need to be identified and supported. To this end, the framework conditions (e.g., policy, legislation, municipal support, etc.) must be adapted in such a way that these "key individuals" in CECOs are not overburdened. The analysis of the interviews also revealed that political or regulatory barriers are often cited as obstacles to the implementation of community energy projects.
This study identifies and evaluates factors for success in innovation work in the Bavarian dairy farming industry. The research is based on an analysis of innovation system theories and a comparison with innovation work in the Dutch dairy sector. Dutch dairy farming is characterized by high productivity and technical efficiency at the farm level. Moreover, important developments in dairy farming have originated in the Netherlands. Therefore, this study delves into the systemic background of the successful innovation work in the Netherlands and makes a comparison with Bavaria. The main result of this study is that innovation work in the Bavarian dairy farming sector is lacking in two respects: end-user (farmer) integration and within-sector cooperation.
Container-based lightweight buildings offer a high ecologic and economic potential when they are designed as nearly zero-energy container buildings (NZECBs). Thus, they are relevant to energy transition in achieving an almost climate-neutral building stock. This paper describes and applies design strategies for suitable building concepts and energy systems to be used in NZECBs for different climates. Therefore, different applications in representative climatic zones were selected. Initially, the global climate zones were characterized and analyzed with regard to their potential for self-sufficiency and renewable energies in buildings. The design strategies were further developed and demonstrated for three cases: a single-family house in Sweden, a multi-family house in Germany, and a small school building in rural Ethiopia. For each case, design guidelines were derived and building concepts were developed. On the basis of these input data, various energy concepts were developed in which solar and wind energy, as well as biomass, were integrated as renewable energy sources. All the concepts were simulated and analyzed with the Polysun® software. The various approaches were compared and evaluated, particularly with regard to energy self-sufficiency. Self-sufficiency rates up to 80% were achieved. Finally, the influence of different climate zones on the energy efficiency of the single-family house was studied as well as the influence of the size of battery storage and insulation.
Nitrogen (N) pollution of groundwater bodies is often a result of high livestock densities combined with use of mineral N fertilisers in Northwest Germany, specifically in combination with sandy soils and high amounts of precipitation. Organic agriculture is discussed as an alternative management practice reducing nitrogen losses due to area-based livestock densities and waiving of mineral N fertilisers. A field trial with integrated ceramic suction cups over three years showed potential for reduced N loads under conventional management specifically with organic fertilisation. Now, the field trial is under transition into organic farming with promising additional benefits for drinking water quality and the great potential to develop optimised N management strategies.
Adventitious root (AR) formation is the basis of vegetative propagation in rose, be it via stem cuttings or via stenting. During this process, wounding plays a pivotal role since cell reprogramming takes place at the tissue adjacent to the wound. We investigated the effects of wounding on AR formation on leafy single-node stem cuttings of the rose rootstock R. canina ‘Pfänder’ (codes R02-3 and R02-6) and the cut rose cultivar Rosa ‘Tan09283’ (Registration name ‘Beluga’). Laser wounding treatments were based on the assisted removal of tissue layers located in the bark. The positioning of wounding was studied based on two marking directions: along the cutting base (strip pattern) and around the cutting base (ring pattern). Additionally, the effects of external supply of indole-butyric acid (IBA 1 mg L-1) on rootingwere analyzed. Results showedthat inorder toremovespecific tissue layers, the calculation of the laser energy density (J cm-2) in terms of cutting diameter was necessary. Interestingly, the application of energy densities from 2.5 J cm-2 up to approximately 8.5 J cm-2 were sufficient to expose the tissue layers of epidermis up to regions of phloem. Regarding AR formation for R. canina ‘Pfänder’, characterized by a low rooting response, an increase in the rooting percentage was registered when the laser treatment eliminated the tissue up to phloem proximities. Analysis of the nodal position showed that bud location was a preferential place for AR formation independently of wounding treatment. In case of Rosa ‘Tan09283’, laser treatments did not reduce its high rooting capacity, but an apparent reduction in rooting quality due to an investment in tissue healing was observed when wounding reached deeper layers such as parenchyma and sclerenchyma. Results also showeda strongARformation directly fromwounded regions in case of Rosa ‘Tan09283’ specifically when the woundwas located below the axillary bud. In conclusion, wounding by assisted-elimination of layers by laser can induce positive effects on AR formation of single-node stemcuttings of the rose if energy applied is able to expose phloemproximities,a longitudinalorientation, and relative position to the axillary bud are considered.
Still Searching or Have You Found It Already? – Usability and Web Design of an Educational Website
(2018)
Background: Apart from a straight-forward and intuitive operability an appealing design determines the success of a website equally well. For this reason, the selection of images and navigation bars plays a determining role. The eye tracking method proved to be appropriate in order to verify the usability of websites. Objectives: The aim of the study was to improve the usability of the website of an educational institute for trainees as target group. Methods/Approach: For this purpose, the use of an eye-tracking technology was combined with a survey. The eye-tracking study was implemented task-oriented. Test persons were asked to search for particular courses within this institute. Results: This approach in combination with a subsequent questionnaire resulted in tangible indications of search patterns of the test group. Furthermore, their perception and their appraisal of the usability as well as the web design was analysed. Even though most tasks were accomplished effectively and efficiently with a positive user feedback, a potential for improvement was detected, in particular with regard to the images and the location of the search field. Conclusions: The selected choice of methods enables researchers and web designers to derive recommendations for the orientation, structure, optimisation and comprehensibility of a website.
background: Musculoskeletal problems (MP) are widespread in performing artists and are due to the special demands of instrument playing, singing or dancing. Additionally, various other factors might contribute to performance-related MP. To provide a specific physiotherapeutic management for performing artists it is important to gain information about the performing art, the individual demands and contributing factors. The subjective examination (SE) is the basis of the clinical reasoning process and the hypothesis forming for further clinical examination and biomechanical analysis. In the present protocol, the SE consists of a questionnaire-based section and an interview-based section and is part of the evaluation process of the neuromusculoskeletal examination of a performing artist specific reference laboratory.
purpose: To develop a standardized SE protocol divided into a questionnaire-based section (Part 1) via web application and an interview-based SE (Part 2) to address MP of performing artists.
methods: The questionnaires for part 1 were selected based on the expertise of the research group and the psychometric properties of each possible questionnaire. A common physiotherapeutic recording of findings which addresses the relevant questions of the SE of MP was used. To adapt the anamnesis to performing-associated MP questions specific to instrument playing, singing and dancing were selected on the basis of a literature search and the expertise of the research group.
summary of content/results: Part 1 consists of three topics. (1) information about the performing art, professional level and sociodemographic data, (2) information about pain and pain processing, and (3) the anatomical location of the main MP including a body region-specific questionnaire. Part 2 is based on the five aspects of clinical practice described by Maitland and the Musculoskeletal Clinical Translation Framework by Mitchell et al. The performing arts specific part is particularly focused on performing art specific considerations, physical and psychosocial contributing factors and art-specific activities.
significance: This standardized SE protocol should help clinicians evaluating the musculoskeletal health of performing artists in a standardized and specific way.
rationale: Musculoskeletal problems are widespread in performing artists and are due to the special demands of instrument playing, singing or dancing. Additionally, various other factors might contribute to performance-related musculoskeletal problems. In order to provide a specific physiotherapeutic management for performing artists, it is important to gain information about the performing art, the individual (biomechanical) demands and contributing factors. The subjective examination is the basis of the clinical reasoning process and the hypothesis forming, which is important for goal setting in further clinical examination and biomechanical analysis. In the present protocol, the subjective examination consists of a questionnaire based section and an interview based section and is part of the evaluation process of the neuromusculoskeletal examination of a performing artist specific reference laboratory.
purpose: The aim of this study was to develop a standardized protocol for an interview based subjective examination of performing artists with musculoskeletal problems. The results of this section of the subjective examination will be combined with the results of the questionnaire based subjective examination , in order to gather as much relevant information as possible to specifically address the individual’s musculoskeletal health status.
methods: A common physiotherapeutic recording of findings which addresses the relevant questions of the subjective examination of musculoskeletal problems was used. In order to adapt the anamnesis to performing-related musculoskeletal problems, questions specific to instrument playing, singing and dancing were selected on the basis of a literature search and the expertise of the research group.
results: The protocol is based on the five aspects of clinical practice described by Maitland and the Musculoskeletal Clinical Translation Framework by Mitchell et al. (2017) .The performing art specific questions especially address (1) performing art specific considerations including style, genre, education and professional level, practice habits, repertoire, and external factors, e.g. concert conditions, (2) performing art specific physical and psychosocial contributing factors, and (3) performing art specific activities which trigger the musculoskeletal problems and help to form hypotheses for the following clinical examination. Individual tracks lead through the subjective examination so that irrelevant questions are skipped depending on the kind of musculoskeletal problem and the performing art practiced by the individual client.
conclusions: A pretest of this standardized anamnesis protocol is ongoing in a special physiotherapy clinic for performing artists since spring 2022. In an iterative approach, the protocol will be continuously improved based on patient feedback and clinical considerations.
Background: Musculoskeletal problems (MP) are widespread in performing artists and are due to the special demands of instrument playing, singing or dancing. In order to specifically evaluate these problems, a reference laboratory is under development. The evaluation covers 4 steps: a subjective examination (SE) including (1) a questionnaire-based online survey and (2) an interview-based anamnesis. On the basis of the results of the SE, hypotheses are formed for (3) an individual musculoskeletal clinical examination and a (4) biomechanical analysis. Here, the focus is on the clinical examination.
Purpose: to develop a standardized protocol for a clinical examination addressing especially musculoskeletal problems in performing artists.
Methods: A common physiotherapeutic clinical examination should be supplemented with techniques, which are specific to performance-related musculoskeletal problems and/or their risk factors. The development was based on a literature search and the clinical expertise of the physiotherapeutic research group.
Summary of content/Results: The performing arts specific clinical examination includes the common analysis of posture as well as passive/active movement capacities and specific differentiating tests in relation to the signs and symptoms of the individual artist. The examination is supplemented by a functional demonstration focusing on the special demands of playing the respective instrument, while singing or dancing. Common overuse risk factors like hypermobility, special anthropometric data or an examination of the motor control of different body regions are addressed. Optional, the various parts of the examination process could be skipped, if not relevant for the individual artist.
Significance: This clinical examination protocol should help clinicians evaluating the musculoskeletal health of performing artists in a standardized and specific way.
Stakeholder relations and sustainability practices of US small and medium-sized manufacturers
(2012)
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the adoption of sustainability practices by small and medium-sized manufacturing (SMM) firms, the ways these firms work with their stakeholders for social and environmental purposes, and the relationships between the adoption of sustainability practices, stakeholder interaction, and product and process innovation.
Design/methodology/approach: This paper uses data from telephone interviews with 296 companies, a sustainability typology, and descriptive and statistical regression analysis.
Findings: The majority of the firms are adopting sustainability practices at least to some degree,stakeholders such as community advocacy groups, employees, suppliers, customers, and the localmedia are influencing the adoption of sustainability practices, and firms with high adoption rates of environmental practices are more successful in product and process innovation.Practical implications– The results of this research can help firms and stakeholder groups with their joint efforts to develop sustainability strategies. Community advocacy groups, employees,suppliers, customers, and the local media are capable of motivating firms to give something back tothe communities in which they conduct their business.
Originality/value: This paper contributes new understanding of the adoption of sustainabilitypractices by SMM firms, the ways these firms work with their stakeholders for social and environmental purposes, and the relationships between the adoption of sustainability practices,stakeholder interaction, and product and process innovation.
Stainless steel made to rust: a robust water-splitting catalyst with benchmark characteristics
(2015)
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is known as the efficiency-limiting step for the electrochemical cleavage of water mainly due to the large overpotentials commonly used materials on the anode side cause. Since Ni–Fe oxides reduce overpotentials occurring in the OER dramatically they are regarded as anode materials of choice for the electrocatalytically driven water-splitting reaction. We herewith show that a straightforward surface modification carried out with AISI 304, a general purpose austenitic stainless steel, very likely, based upon a dissolution mechanism, to result in the formation of an ultra-thin layer consisting of Ni, Fe oxide with a purity >99%. The Ni enriched thin layer firmly attached to the steel substrate is responsible for the unusual highly efficient anodic conversion of water into oxygen as demonstrated by the low overpotential of 212 mV at 12 mA cm−2 current density in 1 M KOH, 269.2 mV at 10 mA cm−2 current density in 0.1 M KOH respectively. The Ni, Fe-oxide layer formed on the steel creates a stable outer sphere, and the surface oxidized steel samples proved to be inert against longer operating times (>150 ks) in alkaline medium. In addition Faradaic efficiency measurements performed through chronopotentiometry revealed a charge to oxygen conversion close to 100%, thus underpinning the conclusion that no “inner oxidation” based on further oxidation of the metal matrix below the oxide layer occurs. These key figures achieved with an almost unrivalled-inexpensive and unrivalled-accessible material, are among the best ever presented activity characteristics for the anodic water-splitting reaction at pH 13.
During recent decades, many studies have shown that the successful restoration of species-rich grasslands is often seed-limited because of depleted seed banks and limited seed dispersal in modern fragmented landscapes. In Europe, commercial seed mixtures, which are widely used for restoration measures, mostly consist of species and varieties of non-local provenance. The regional biodiversity of a given landscape, however, can be preserved only when seeds or plants of local provenance are used in restoration projects. Furthermore, the transfer of suitable target species of local provenance can strongly enhance restoration success.
We review and evaluate the success of currently used near-natural methods for the introduction of target plant species (e.g. seeding of site-specific seed mixtures, transfer of fresh seed-containing hay, vacuum harvesting, transfer of turves or seed-containing soil) on restoration sites, ranging from dry and mesic meadows to floodplain grasslands and fens. Own data combined with literature findings show species establishment rates during the initial phase as well as the persistence of target species during long-term vegetation development on restoration sites.
In conclusion, our review indicates that seed limitation can be overcome successfully by most of the reviewed measures for species introduction. The establishment of species-rich grasslands is most successful when seeds, seed-containing plant material or soil are spread on bare soil of ex-arable fields after tilling or topsoil removal, or on raw soils, e.g. in mined areas. In species-poor grasslands without soil disturbance and on older ex-arable fields with dense weed vegetation, final transfer rates were the lowest. For future restoration projects, suitable measures have to be chosen carefully from case to case as they differ considerably in costs and logistic effort. Long-term prospects for restored grassland are especially good when management can be incorporated in agricultural systems.
Freshwater ecosystems host disproportionately high numbers of species relative to their surface area yet are poorly protected globally. We used data on the distribution of 1631 species of aquatic plant, mollusc, odonate and fish in 18,816 river and lake catchments in Europe to establish spatial conservation priorities based on the occurrence of threatened, rangerestricted and endemic species using the Marxan systematic conservation planning tool. We found that priorities were highest for rivers and ancient lakes in S Europe, large rivers and lakes in E and N Europe, smaller lakes in NW Europe and karst/limestone areas in the Balkans, S France and central Europe. The a priori inclusion of well-protected catchments resulted in geographically more balanced priorities and better coverage of threatened (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable) species. The a priori exclusion of well-protected catchments showed that priority areas that need further conservation interventions are in S and E Europe. We developed three ways to evaluate the correspondence between conservation priority and current protection by assessing whether a cathment has more (or less) priority given its protection level relative to all other catchments. Each method found that priority relative to protection was high in S and E Europe and generally low in NW Europe. The inclusion of hydrological connectivity had little influence on these patterns but decreased the coverage of threatened species, indicating a trade-off between connectivity and conservation of threatened species. Our results suggest that catchments in S and E Europe need urgent conservation attention (protected areas, restoration, management, species protection) in the face of imminent threats such as river regulation, dam construction, hydropower development and climate change. Our study presents continental-scale conservation priorities for freshwater ecosystems in ecologically meaningful planning units and will thus be important in freshwater biodiversity conservation policy and practice, and water management in Europe.
The biennial plant Gentianella bohemica is a subendemic of the Bohemian Massif, where it occurs in seminatural grasslands. It has become rare in recent decades as a result of profound changes in land use. Using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) fingerprint data, we investigated the genetic structure within and among populations of G. bohemica in Bavaria, the Czech Republic, and the Austrian border region. The aim of our study was (1) to analyze the genetic structure among populations and to discuss these findings in the context of present and historical patterns of connectivity and isolation of populations, (2) to analyze genetic structure among consecutive generations (cohorts of two consecutive years), and (3) to investigate relationships between intrapopulational diversity and effective population size (Ne) as well as plant traits. (1) The German populations were strongly isolated from each other (pairwise FST= 0.29–0.60) and from all other populations (FST= 0.24–0.49). We found a pattern of near panmixis among the latter (FST= 0.15–0.35) with geographical distance explaining only 8% of the genetic variance. These results were congruent with a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and analysis using STRUCTURE to identify genetically coherent groups. These findings are in line with the strong physical barrier and historical constraints, resulting in separation of the German populations from the others. (2) We found pronounced genetic differences between consecutive cohorts of the German populations (pairwise FST= 0.23 and 0.31), which can be explained by local population history (land use, disturbance). (3) Genetic diversity within populations (Shannon index, HSh) was significantly correlated with Ne (RS= 0.733) and reflected a loss of diversity due to several demographic bottlenecks. Overall, we found that the genetic structure in G. bohemica is strongly influenced by historical periods of high connectivity and isolation as well as by marked demographic fluctuations in declining populations.
There is clinical evidence that cervical lateral glide (CLG) improves neurodynamics and alleviates pain in patients who suffer from neurogenic arm pain. Cervical lateral flexion (CLF) is also a treatment method and a means of testing neurodynamics. However, for both techniques nerve movement has not yet been investigated using ultrasound imaging (US). The purpose of this study was to quantify median nerve movement in the arm during CLG and CLF. For this study 27 healthy participants were recruited. Longitudinal movement of the median nerve was measured using US during CLG and CLF with the shoulder in 30° abduction in the middle and distal forearm (Fad). Data could be obtained from 11 participants (6 women and 5 men, average age 25.6 years, ±2.25) at the middle forearm (Fam) and from 9 participants (5 women and 4 men, average age 27.2 years, ±2.75) at the Fad. When applying CLF, the median nerve moved 2.3 mm (SEM ± 0.1 mm) at the Fam. At the same measuring point the median nerve moved 3.3 mm (SEM ± 0.3 mm, p = 0.005) by applying CLG. At the Fad the difference between CLF and CLF amounted to 0.6 mm (CLF: 1.9 mm (SEM ± 0.2 mm, CLG: 2.5 mm (SEM ± 0.2 mm, p ≤ 0.05). The movements during CLG are larger than during CLF. This difference is statistically significant. However, the statistical relevance cannot be extrapolated to a clinical relevance.