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The impact of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) processing pre-treatment on the texture and kinetics of in vitro starch digestibility of French fries made from two potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.) containing dry matter content ranging from 19 to 22% was investigated. Whole and steam-peeled potato tubers were treated with a pilot scale PEF unit (electric field strength of 1.1 and 1.9 kV/cm with energy input <10 kJ/kg or ∼50 kJ/kg). This trial was carried out in a commercial French-fry plant using an industrial scale cutter, blancher, fryer and blast-freezer to prepare the frozen par-fried French fry samples. After subsequent final batch frying of the frozen fries, at 180 °C for 3 min to mimic the typical preparation practice at restaurant, retail and household, the outer crust of the fries produced from PEF-treated potatoes was significantly harder (9.4–16.3 N) than crust produced from untreated potatoes (6.9–8.5 N). High intensity (1.9 kV/cm with energy input ∼50 kJ/kg) PEF processing was found to cause defects (i.e. hollowness in the internal core) in the fries. A fractional conversion model was a good fit for the starch digestion kinetics of all French fry samples during the small intestinal phase (based on standardised INFOGEST static in vitro digestion assay). A lower % of total starch hydrolysis was predicted for French fries produced from high dry matter (>21%) tubers pretreated with PEF at electric field strength of 1.9 kV/cm. The findings generated in this study demonstrate PEF pretreatment may influence the texture of French fries and the extent of starch digestion that occurs.
Green roofs are known to mitigate the negative effects of urban consolidation by offering diverse ecosystem functions compared to non-vegetated roofs. However, the support for native biodiversity might be improved by using native plant species. In a mesocosm experiment, we studied the suitability of three commercial green-roof growth substrates for the establishment of 27 native plant species from dry sandy grasslands of northwestern Germany over the course of four years. The substrates were mineral-based, but differed in the layering of organic matter. Total establishment rates reached 44–59% in Year 4, indicating the general suitability of the substrates. During the first weeks after seeding, with light irrigation, the vascular plant cover was greater in the similar substrates Zincolit® Plus (Z) and Zincolit® Plus-Leicht (ZL) with their compost-based organic mulch layers than in the substrate Sedumteppich (ST) with its organic matter evenly admixed with the mineral aggregates. In Years 2 and 3, however, the vascular plant cover was greater in the ST substrate, likely due to the better availability of water and nutrients from the organic matter compared to the dry surface-mulch layer variants Z and ZL. After severe drought events, the decline in plant cover was more pronounced in the ST substrate, likely representing a trade-off between lush growth and a susceptibility to drought. An indicator-species analysis revealed differences in species composition between the ST and Z/ZL substrates. Annual plant species were indicators of the ST substrate. Perennials, such as Thymus pulegioides and Achillea millefolium, were typical of the Z and ZL substrates. In addition to the general suitability of the tested standard substrates for target species establishment, the study indicated that a combination of different layers of substrate components resulted in different vegetation patterns that may have a positive effect on green-roof biodiversity.
In urban areas, open space including brownfields often became rare due to increasing urbanisation. Urban brownfields can be important for biodiversity, but especially brownfields in early successional stages seem to be refused by urban residents due to their sparse vegetation and less aesthetic appearance. The aim of this study was to revegetate a young demolition site in the city core of Osnabrück, Germany and thereby to support native plant diversity and aesthetic values. We developed two seed mixtures of native plant species and tested them in a large-scale field experiment over two growing seasons.
Both seed mixtures developed towards structurally diverse and flower-rich vegetation. Establishment rates of sown species were consistently larger than 75%. Revegetation of the predominantly bare anthropogenically transformed soil by introduced species occurred fast. Vascular plant cover and vegetation height were higher on sown plots than in controls, but did not differ between the seed mixtures. Seeding did not increase plant species richness and did not reduce the establishment of a potentially invasive non-native plant species. The cover of Red-List species from the spontaneous vegetation was significantly higher in control plots. Our results indicate that not all aims can be reached on one restoration site. It has to be discussed if it is better to invest a restoration budget for measures aiming to increase acceptance of endangered pioneer plant species from the spontaneous vegetation or to introduce more attractive and more competitive species of later successional stages.
Guided by cultural labor economics, the paper analyzes the career paths of former actors from popular television soap operas, and addresses in particular, if and under which conditions such serial engagements may function as a stepping stone for a subsequent professional acting career. A novel database of 396 German artists with detailed and long-term biographical information is used for the quantitative empirical analyses. The results indicate that soaps, contrary to popular opinion, function as a stepping stone, especially for younger actors. However, soap engagements should be rather short but long enough to allow artists to play multiple roles in other shows or films besides being in the cast of a soap. While formal acting education does not influence soap actors’ future filmographies, there is evidence that it helps artists to find jobs in arts-related occupations such as voice acting. Finally, publicity and media presence foster a later acting career. Practical implications for artists and their managers are outlined, along with a discussion on the meaning of serials for the creation and commercialization of stars.
In this essential, Josef Gochermann provides a compendium of the essential elements of technology management and answers ten important questions on how to identify new technologies, properly evaluate relevant technologies, recognize opportunities and risks in time, and position yourself for technological success. He shows how to use technologies beneficially, make relevant technologies available at the right time, recognize the end of a technology's performance in time, and plan the use of technologies strategically and for the future.
Background: While health informatics recommendations on competencies and education serve as highly desirable corridors for designing curricula and courses, they cannot show how the content should be situated in a specific and local context. Therefore, global and local perspectives need to be reconciled in a common framework.
Objectives: The primary aim of this study is therefore to empirically define and validate a framework of globally accepted core competency areas in health informatics and to enrich this framework with exemplar information derived from local educational settings.
Methods: To this end, (i) a survey was deployed and yielded insights from 43 nursing experts from 21 countries worldwide to measure the relevance of the core competency areas, (ii) a workshop at the International Nursing Informatics Conference (NI2016) held in June 2016 to provide information about the validation and clustering of these areas and (iii) exemplar case studies were compiled to match these findings with the practice. The survey was designed based on a comprehensive compilation of competencies from the international literature in medical and health informatics.
Results: The resulting recommendation framework consists of 24 core competency areas in health informatics defined for five major nursing roles. These areas were clustered in the domains “data, information, knowledge”, “information exchange and information sharing”, “ethical and legal issues”, “systems life cycle management”, “management” and “biostatistics and medical technology”, all of which showed high reliability values. The core competency areas were ranked by relevance and validated by a different group of experts. Exemplar case studies from Brazil, Germany, New Zealand, Taiwan/China, United Kingdom (Scotland) and the United States of America expanded on the competencies described in the core competency areas.
Conclusions: This international recommendation framework for competencies in health informatics directed at nurses provides a grid of knowledge for teachers and learner alike that is instantiated with knowledge about informatics competencies, professional roles, priorities and practical, local experience. It also provides a methodology for developing frameworks for other professions/disciplines. Finally, this framework lays the foundation of cross-country learning in health informatics education for nurses and other health professionals.
Technological support options for the usage of Brazilian Açaí berries in the European Food Market
(2022)
The highly perishable fruit açaí grows on palm trees in northern Brazil and is colloquially known as a berry with high nutritional value. The seed of the drupe makes up around 85 percent of the fruits weight and only the pulp around the seed is used for human consumption. The manufacturing step after harvest includes the pulping and the preservation of the fruit. The preservation step is necessary, because the açaí pulp contains a high microbial load. There are several preservation processes including the use of chlorinated or ozonated water, alcoholic fermentation, pasteurization, freezing or dehydration. Those techniques are overall not very gentle and have the potential to leave residues in the final product, which can change its typical sensorial characteristics. Therefore, an experiment was conducted, to see if a relatively new gentle preservation method called PEF can reduce the microbial load in an açaí- smoothie.
For this purpose, a PEF-machine was built and verified based on the paper from HEINZ ET AL. [2003]. The self-built machine works efficiently, when there is a reduction of microorganisms like Escherichia coli in apple juice due to the induced Pulsed Electric Fields. If this is the case, the described experiment with açaí-smoothie can be carried out with the self-built PEF- machine. In this experiment the results of the validation of this PEF-machine were not comparable to those from the paper from HEINZ ET AL. [2003]. So, the self-built PEF-machine in Brazil did not work sufficiently. Hence, the experiment which should show that a reduction of microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, in açaí-smoothie with PEF is possible, was performed in Germany. It was accrued out at ELEA with using the PEFPilotTM Dual. This experiment confirmed the assumption, that microorganisms can be reduced in açaí-smoothie with PEF. Escherichia coli was reduced by 2 logs, Saccharomyces cerevisiae by 3 logs and Lactobacillus plantarum by 6 logs. And a comparison between PEF and the known preservation methods for açaí showed that it can be a compatible alternative.
Moreover, the topic, how açaí fits into the European Food Market is answered within this paper. When offering açaí food products to the European population, ideas can be originated from the well-working Brazilian market. It can be helpful to mix açaí with known European fruits for a better acceptance by the people. Then açaí can help to meet the Europeans needs of the current time for fresh and healthy food, especially when preserved with PEF. Furthermore, it is important to work towards a sustainable supply chain system from the cultivation until the unloading at the destination in Europe. Sustainability is important for the integration in the European market, not only for environmental protection, but also in terms of social stability and marketing purposes. In addition, access requirements, further food-related regulations, and the seasonality of açaí present a major hurdle.
Building on this thesis, further papers shall be written, not only in the field of the preservation of the açaí pulp with PEF, but also in the direction of combined preservation methods for açaí, the sustainable usage of the açaí seeds, product innovations containing the Brazilian fruit or various market research.
By drawing on the two prevailing economic stardom theories, the paper investigates the sources of superstardom in the US movie industry. For the econometric analysis, we use income and popularity data of screen actresses and actors from the annual Celebrity 100 lists as published by Forbes Magazine. The empirical findings indicate that Hollywood, in contrast to other professional settings, supports two different types of stars. While 'talent stars' exploit acting merit, it is media exposure that drives the income of 'publicity stars'. Apparently, in the motion picture industry both underlying resources are equally important and equally valued. Based on these insights we develop concrete recommendations for the career management of artists and the management of film projects.
The increasing complexity of caseloads in SLT practice, e.g. due to higher comorbidity, lacking information or experience in the
treatment of complicated cases, calls for support from experienced as well as specialist practitioners from within the field - especially
for novice therapists. One way to tackle these challenges may be peer coaching and how it can be employed within the educational
and professional SLT setting.
Peer coaching was implemented across five semesters of a successive SLT study programme at a University of Applied Sciences in
Germany. The approach was embedded in a clinical reasoning seminar with 25 SLT students who each presented a challenging case
study from their current workload. All participants completed a short online survey to evaluate the feasibility of the team approach
within this setting as well as their personal benefit and development re. the discussed case studies.
Students felt encouraged by being able to share their experience and tackle actual challenges. They particularly valued receiving
answers from a broad range of other SLTs but also contributing to other students’ queries and providing practical solutions for
them. All participants felt that peer coaching was an appropriate approach for clinical reasoning to support their professional as well
as personal development. Other outcomes were a perceived increased ability to employ metacognitive reflection to be used with
their whole caseload but also a prospective need for further training. Some students suggested the employment of peer coaching
within their work setting.
In the educational as well as professional SLT setting, peer coaching can be successfully employed, triggering metacognitive
reflection re. practitioner’s thinking and acting, resulting in an increased awareness of needs and skills as part of the clinical
reasoning process.
Artificial intelligence (AI) promises transformative impacts on society, industry, and agriculture, while being heavily reliant on diverse, quality data. The resource-intensive "data
problem" has initialized a shift to synthetic data. One downside of synthetic data is known as the "reality gap", a lack of realism. Hybrid data, combining synthetic and real data, addresses this. The paper examines terminological inconsistencies and proposes a unified taxonomy for real, synthetic, augmented, and hybrid data. It aims to enhance AI training datasets in smart agriculture, addressing the challenges in the agricultural data landscape. Utilizing hybrid data in AI models offers improved prediction performance and adaptability.
The 3GPP release 16 integrates TSN functionality into 5G and standardizes various options for TSN time synchronization over 5G such as transparent mode and bridge mode. The time domains for the TSN network and the 5G network are kept separate with an option to synchronize either of the networks to the other. The TSN time synchronization over 5G is possible either by using the IEEE 1588 generalized Precision Time Protocol (gPTP) based on UDP/IP multicast or via IEEE 802.1AS based on Ethernet PDUs. The INET and Simu5G simulation frameworks, which are both based on the OMNeT++ discrete event simulator, are widely used for simulating TSN and 5G networks. The INET framework comprises the 802.1AS based time synchronization mechanism, and Simu5G provides the 5G user plane carrying IP PDUs. We modified the 802.1AS-based synchronization model of INET so that it works over UDP/IP. With that, it is possible to synchronize TSN slaves (connected to 5G UEs), across a 5G network, with a TSN master clock, present within a TSN network, that is connected to the 5G core network. Our simulation results show that 500 microseconds of synchronization accuracy can be achieved with the corrected asymmetric propagation delay of uplink and downlink between the gNodeB (gNB) and the User Equipment (UE). Furthermore, the synchronization accuracy can be improved if the delay difference between uplink and downlink is known.
Background
The aim of this qualitative study was to identify a practice level model that could explain a sustained change in nutritional behavior.
Methods
The study used three data inputs from four interviewees, one merged input from a married couple, as narrative interviews. The interviews were analyzed using grounded theory.
Results
Coexistence of a certain suffering and a triggering episode lead to the decision to change nutritional life-style by all interviewed. Maintenance of the self-determined newly learned nutritional behavior was supported by subject-related intrinsic motivation, the ability to reflect, and a low expectation of success from the behavioral change. Environment-related factors were identified as support from life-partner and peers. Subjects reported that the sustained nutritional behavior change impacted their holistic health through subject-perceived improved life quality, increase in the number of social contacts, and a change in personal attitudes and perception. The analysis remains limited, and at best hypothesis generating, in that only three data inputs from four interviewees were used.
Conclusion
In this hypothesis-generating narrative interview study of four study subjects, volition, personal decision making, and long-term motivation (though not external determination) seemed to sustain a change in newly learned nutritional behavior.
Sustainable market economy
(2015)
Sustainable Digital Entrepreneurship : Examining IT4Sustainability as Business Development Path
(2022)
There is an increasing interest within the field of Information Systems as well as political agendas to identify the potential of digital technologies to promote sustainable development. Nonetheless, sustainable entrepreneurship and digital entrepreneurship are widely treated separately within the literature, suggesting that there is little understanding of how entrepreneurs could employ digital technologies to promote sustainable development. Based on an empirical, qualitative research approach, relying on Grounded Theory methodology, this paper identifies characteristics of sustainable digital entrepreneurs. An investigation of the manifestations of the sustainable digital orientation reveals a rather diffuse understanding of the relation and potential synergy effects. In response to this gap, the paper presents examples on how sustainable digital entrepreneurs employ digital and disruptive technologies to tackle sustainability challenges (IT4Sustainability development path), including information and communication technology, such as digital platforms, artificial intelligence, or drone technology. The presented approaches range from second-mover approaches associated with low digital maturity limited to the business level to the development of new business models facilitating the sustainable transition of whole sectors. These insights are summarized in an IT4Sustainability maturity model, which presents different starting points for entrepreneurs. Relevant theoretical, practical, and policy implications are discussed, especially concerning the education on IT4Sustainability, including Corporate Digital Responsibility.
In recent years, various studies have highlighted the opportunities of artificial intelligence (AI) for our society. For example, AI solutions can help reduce pollution, waste, or carbon footprints. On the other hand, there are also risks associated with the use of AI, such as increasing inequality in society or high resource consumption for computing power. This paper explores the question how corporate culture influences the use of artificial intelligence in terms of sustainable development. This type of use includes a normative element and is referred to in the paper as sustainable artificial intelligence (SAI). Based on a bibliometric literature analysis, we identify features of a sustainability-oriented corporate culture. We offer six propositions examining the influence of specific manifestations on the handling of AI in the sense of SAI. Thus, if companies want to ensure that SAI is realized, corporate culture appears as an important indicator and influencing factor at the same time.
Die Ernährung ist für etwa 30 % des weltweiten Verbrauchs an natürlichen Ressourcen verantwortlich. Um die negativen Auswirkungen des Ernährungssektors auf die Umwelt und die Gesellschaft zu begrenzen, ist der Verbrauch und die Verarbeitung von Lebensmitteln mit vermeintlich geringen negativen Auswirkungen ein wichtiges Thema bei den Bemühungen um eine nachhaltige Entwicklung. In den Großküchen sind klar definierte Indikatoren zur Bewertung der Auswirkungen von Geschäftsaktivitäten erforderlich, um dieses Ziel zu erreichen. Die Forschungs- und Entwicklungsarbeiten im Rahmen des NAHGAST-Projekts liefern Grundlagen, die bei diesen Bemühungen eine wichtige Hilfe sein können. Es wurden zwei Versionen eines Bewertungsinstruments mit Indikatoren unterschiedlicher Komplexität (NAHGAST Meal-Basic und NAHGAST Meal-Pro) entwickelt, die von Küchenfachleuten verwendet werden können, um die Nachhaltigkeitsleistung ihrer Produkte - der angebotenen Mahlzeit - zu bestimmen. Eine sachkundige Auswahl von Indikatoren und eine Diskussion darüber, auf welche Prozesse und Auswirkungen sich dieser Indikator im weiteren Kontext bezieht, sind von wesentlicher Bedeutung und werden in diesem Papier erörtert. Darüber hinaus wurden bei der Auswahl der Indikatoren für den Zweck unserer Forschung bestimmte Kriterien gleichzeitig berücksichtigt: (1) Kommunizierbarkeit - Welche Informationen ein Indikator vermitteln kann und wie verständlich diese Informationen für verschiedene Akteure sind; (2) Machbarkeit und Datenverfügbarkeit: Gibt es genügend Daten für einen Indikator und ist es für die Unternehmen realistisch, diesen Indikator in ihre tägliche Arbeitspraxis zu integrieren? (3) Wissenschaftliche Relevanz: Ist der Indikator für die Nachhaltigkeitsbemühungen in größerem Maßstab und für entsprechende Diskussionen in der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft relevant? Die Erkenntnisse aus diesen Überlegungen sind wertvoll für zukünftige Entwicklungen in der Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung in der Außer-Haus-Gastronomie. Das Instrument wurde zur Bewertung einer Reihe von Gerichten verwendet und die Ergebnisse werden als aussagekräftig erachtet. Allerdings dürfen Bewertungen jedoch nicht als genaue Messung, sondern nur als Annäherung an die Nachhaltigkeit von Speisen verstanden werden. Auf der Ebene der einzelnen Indikatoren ermöglichen sie eine detaillierte Analyse und gezielte Optimierung von Rezepten, während die aggregierten Ergebnisse in Form von Etiketten gut an die Kunden kommuniziert werden können. Defizite und Herausforderungen, wie sie in der Anwendungsphase des Projekts festgestellt wurden, zeigen jedoch Forschungslücken im weiteren Kontext auf. Abschließend werden weitere Schritte für eine Integration des Tools in Unternehmensprozesse und verbleibende Anpassungsmöglichkeiten für Unternehmen diskutiert.
The study aimed for the analysis of the impact of pulsed electric field (PEF) pre-treatment on convection (CD) and microwave (MW-CD) assisted air drying. Drying kinetics acceleration and retention of bioactive compounds of PEF pre-treated carrots and apples has been demonstrated. Moreover, the direct and indirect environmental energy impacts of CD and MW-CD technologies with consideration of bioactive compounds preservation has been evaluated. PEF assisted CD and MW-CD demonstrated lower energy use, especially for indirect energy consumption, in the case of carotenoids preservation in dried carrots.