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Knowledge of the small-scale nutrient status of arable land is an important basis for optimizing fertilizer use in crop production. A mobile field laboratory opens up the possibility of carrying out soil sampling and nutrient analysis directly on the field. In addition to the benefits of fast data availability and the avoidance of soil material transport to the laboratory, it provides a future foundation for advanced application options, e.g. a high sampling density, sampling of small sub-fields or dynamic adaptation of the sampling line during field sampling. An innovative key component is the NUTRI-STAT ISFET sensor module. It measures values for the ions "NO3- ”, “H2PO4- " and "K+ " as well as the pH. The ISFET sensor module was specially developed for soil nutrient analysis. The phosphorus measurement was further developed for the project "soil2data". First results from the ISFET sensor module show a measurement signal settling time of significantly less than 100 seconds and a further consistent stable measurement signal. The measurement signal dynamics of approx. 58 mV per factor 10 of concentration change is given for the measured variables pH and K+. For the measured quantities of NO3- and H2PO4- , the measurement signal dynamics are lower.
Fütterung von Zuchtstuten
(2021)
Shredlage für Mastbullen?
(2021)
Shredlage in der Bullenmast?
(2021)
Mehr Milchleistung
(2021)
Flüssigfutter bei Milchkühen
(2021)
Ist die TMR zu feucht?
(2021)
Zu viel Wasser in der TMR?
(2021)
The aim of the study was to examine different pH parameters, such as variations throughout the day, depending on differing concentrate feed proportions. Moreover, special attention was payed to individual variation in microbial efficiencies (microbial crude protein/fermented organic matter) and their relation to ruminal pH, nutrient flows and digestibilities. For this, cows were grouped according to microbial efficiency (more, n = 5, vs. less efficient cows, n = 4). After calving, thirteen ruminally cannulated pluriparous cows, including nine duodenally cannulated animals, were divided into groups offered rations with a lower (35% on dry matter basis, n = 7) or a higher (60% on dry matter basis, n = 6) concentrate feed proportion. Ruminal pH parameters were assessed continuously by using intraruminal probes. Nutrient flows, nutrient digestibility and microbial efficiency were determined for duodenally cannulated cows. For most ruminal pH parameters it seemed that individual variability was higher than the treatment effect. However, a positive relationship between actual concentrate intake and diurnal pH fluctuations was found. Besides, the effect of individually different microbial efficiencies was assessed. Again, there were no group differences for pH parameters. However, nutrient flows were significantly higher in more efficient cows, whereas digestibilities were lower in in more efficient cows.
Ursachen von Kotwasser
(2021)
Wasser dosiert zusetzen
(2021)
Duckweed is a promising resource for future feed and food production as well as wastewater treatment. However, diseases and pests can critically limit the performance of the production systems. Patches of discolored and bleached duckweed (Lemna minor L.) appeared in hydroponic systems and spread rapidly through the crop. Pythium myriotylum was confirmed as the causing pathogen by microbiological and molecular biological analysis. This is the first report of P. myriotylum on duckweed in Germany. The result and possible countermeasures are discussed.
The development of non-precious metal-based electrodes that actively and stably support the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in water electrolysis systems remains a challenge, especially at low pH levels. The recently published study has conclusively shown that the addition of haematite to H2 SO4 is a highly effective method of significantly reducing oxygen evolution overpotential and extending anode life. The far superior result is achieved by concentrating oxygen evolution centres on the oxide particles rather than on the electrode. However, unsatisfactory Faradaic efficiencies of the OER and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) parts as well as the required high haematite load impede applicability and upscaling of this process. Here it is shown that the same performance is achieved with three times less metal oxide powder if NiO/H2 SO4 suspensions are used along with stainless steel anodes. The reason for the enormous improvement in OER performance by adding NiO to the electrolyte is the weakening of the intramolecular O─H bond in the water molecules, which is under the direct influence of the nickel oxide suspended in the electrolyte. The manipulation of bonds in water molecules to increase the tendency of the water to split is a ground-breaking development, as shown in this first example.
Wasser
(2021)
The development of base metal electrodes that can act as active and stable oxygen generating electrodes in water electrolysis systems, especially at low pH levels, remains a challenge. The use of suspensions as electrolytes for water splitting has until recently been limited to photoelectrocatalytic approaches. A high current density (j=30 mA/cm2) for water electrolysis has been achieved at a very low oxygen evolution reaction (OER) potential (E=1.36 V vs. RHE) using a SnO2/H2SO4 suspension-based electrolyte in combination with a steel anode. More importantly, the high charge-to-oxygen conversion rate (Faraday efficiency of 88% for OER at j=10 mA/cm2 current density). Since cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments show that oxygen evolution starts at a low, but not exceptionally low, potential, the reason for the low potential in chronoamperometry (CP) tests is an increase in the active electrode area, which has been confirmed by various experiments. For the first time, the addition of a relatively small amount of solids to a clear electrolyte has been shown to significantly reduce the overpotential of the OER in water electrolysis down to the 100 mV region, resulting in a remarkable reduction in anode wear while maintaining a high current density.
Neue Futtermittel
(2021)
Ganzpflanzensilage
(2021)
Maniok und Tapioka
(2021)
Fütterung von Zuchtstuten
(2021)
Fütterung von Jungpferden
(2021)
Shredlage in der Bullenmast
(2021)
Fütterung von Sportpferden
(2021)
Piglets experience a high level of stress upon weaning due to changes in social structures and feeding. Incorporation of flavors in the maternal diet might be a promising tool to prenatally modulate flavor preferences of the offspring and prevent neophobia. This study aimed to evaluate if the supplementation of the maternal diet with Spicemaster GH 501, an intense, plant-based herbal flavor, could affect feed preferences of early-weaned piglets and thus improve feed intake, performance, and overall health conditions. On approx. day 95 of gestation, 59 pregnant sows (DanZucht) were separated into two groups. The control group received commercial gestation and lactation feeds without flavor, while the trial group received diets with added flavor (400 g/t Spicemaster GH 501). After weaning, 272 piglets from both groups were rehoused and given an early-grower feed, which was consistently supplemented in both groups with 400 g/t Spicemaster GH 501 throughout the whole trial. Strikingly, the trial group, which was prenatally exposed to the flavor, gained significantly more weight during the initial phase after weaning. Moreover, the trial group was less prone to develop ear tip necrosis and displayed an improved general health condition, which was reflected in a reduced number of antibiotic treatments during the duration of the trial. Collectively, the incorporation of flavoring compounds in the maternal diet provides a powerful mechanism to shape taste preferences in early-weaned piglets and conse-quently reduce stress levels and susceptibility to infections.
Piglets experience a high level of stress during the onset of the fattening phase due to changes in social structures and feeding. Incorporation of flavors in the feed supports constant levels of feed intake thus avoiding drops in performance. This study aimed to evaluate if a combination of vanilla and fruity flavors could maintain high interest in variable feeds across different ages. 384 crossbred (Topigs 20 x Piétrain) piglets were separated at weaning into two groups (eight pens per group: four pens with females and four pens with uncastrated males; 24 animals per pen), according to gender and weight. The control group received commercial starter feeds without flavor, while the other group received diets with added flavor (500 g/t Cuxarom Fruit 210, a sweetish, berry multifruit note combined with creamy vanilla). After 49 days, 264 animals from both groups were rehoused and given an early-grower feed with or without added flavor for 7 days. Consequently, animals from the trial group again received flavor-supplemented feed and vice versa. During the early-grower phase, the feed intake of the trial group was 11.2% higher than that of the control group. Moreover, the trial group gained significantly more weight during the early-grower phase (+12.2%) in comparison to the control group. This indicates that the animals prefer the flavor they were familiarized with during the starter phase. This memory effect leads to an increased feed intake and weight gain in early-grower pigs and can counteract drops in performance, particularly when mixing animals or transitioning.
Water retention properties of wood fiber based growing media and their impact on irrigation strategy
(2024)
Distribution of water and air in growing media during ebb-and-flow irrigation depends on water storage properties (water retention curve) and water transport properties (hydraulic conductivity) of the materials. Growing media with their high number of coarse pores are known to exhibit strong hysteresis, i.e., differences in the water retention properties during drying and wetting cycles. To account for potential ecological disadvantages of peat, wood fibers are commonly used as substitutes for peat in growing media. However, the wood fibers generally have higher air capacities and hydraulic conductivities and lower water capacities compared to peat which may results in necessary adaptions of the irrigation strategy. Tools to optimize irrigation systems are physically based water transport models, such as HYDRUS-1D, which is commonly used to describe water transport in soils, but not often for growing media. In this study, white peat and pure wood fibers were used to describe differences in their water retention behavior. Water retention curves (drying cycles) and hydraulic conductivities were measured with standard analytical procedures. Hysteresis of the water retention curves was analytically determined based on their capillary rise properties. The results were used with a modified HYDRUS-1D model to test model quality against measured water contents during ebb-and-flow irrigation cycles and to optimize the irrigation strategy for the different materials. The results showed that the model quality was sufficiently good only if the strong hysteresis of the water retention curves was considered during the simulation process. Different strategies were tested to modify ebb-and-flow irrigation (irrigation frequency, irrigation duration and irrigation height) in that way that the water suction in the root zone was similar to that of the peat material. Simulation results showed that significant improvements could only be reached by increasing the flooding depth in ebb-and-flow systems to ensure an optimum water supply of plants in the wood fiber based growing media.
Knowledge of the maximum friction coefficient µmax between tire and road is necessary for implementing autonomous driving. As this coefficient cannot be measured via existing serial vehicle sensors, µmax estimation is a challenging field in modern automotive research. In particular, model-based approaches are applied, which are limited in the estimation accuracy by the physical vehicle model. Therefore, this paper presents a data-based µmax estimation using serial vehicle sensors. For this purpose, recurrent artificial neural networks are trained, validated, and tested based on driving maneuvers carried out with a test vehicle showing improved results compared to the model-based algorithm from previous works.
Wood fibers can contribute to replacing peat in growing media and thus help to protect peatlands. As domestic, renewable raw materials, they represent a sustainable option for this purpose. To date, however, wood fibers are usually used as a peat substitute at a maxi-mum of 30% (v/v). A main reason for this limitation is the insufficient microbial stability of wood fibers, which favors nitrogen immobilization and can thus impair nitrogen supply of plants. To address this drawback, in this study wood fibers were subjected to different thermal or thermal-hydrolytic treatments. Seedling tests with napa cabbage were conducted to determine whether treated wood fibers were free of phytotoxic substances. Mixtures with 50% (v/v) wood fiber and white peat each were used. In addition, three wood fiber varieties were evaluated in the cultivation of petunia. Two wood fiber proportions (30 and 60% v/v) and two nitrogen fertilization rates (common and increased supply) were included in each case. In the seedling trial with napa cabbage, no phytotoxic effects were detectable in any of the wood fiber variants investigated. However, when cultivating petunias, both shoot mass growth and number of flowers decreased with increasing wood fiber content. In substrates with a wood fiber content of 60% (v/v), plant development was inhibited so severely that the petunias no longer achieved marketable quality. Increased nitrogen fertilization was able to compensate for this negative effect only in few cases. This suggests that other factors than nitrogen limited plant growth in wood fiber-rich substrates. Among others, physical proper-ties such as the lower water capacity of wood fibers may be a cause. More in-depth investigations are still required in this regard.
Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.)
Universität Osnabrück
Fachbereich Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften
Institut für Geographie
in Kooperation mit der Hochschule Osnabrück
Fakultät Agrarwissenschaften und Landschaftsarchitektur
Wieviel Wasser säuft die Sau
(2022)
Wirkung eines Vitamin D3-Metaboliten (25-OH-D3) auf den Geburtsverlauf von hochleistenden Sauen
(2022)
Das 23. gehölzkundliche Winterseminar der Arbeitsgruppe Junge Dendrologen in der DDG fand im Herzen Deutschlands in der Lutherstadt Wittenberg statt. Wie in den vergangenen Jahren war als Tagungsort eine Jugendherberge gewählt worden. Ursprünglich sollte Quartier in der Jugendherberge in der Bauhaus-Stadt Dessau bezogen werden. Da diese bereits ausgebucht war, wurde nach Wittenberg ausgewichen, was für die Programmgestaltung vorteilhaft war.
Die Fütterung von Zuchtstuten ist ein wichtiger Faktor, der für die Geburt eines gesunden und voll entwickelten Fohlens und für die Fruchtbarkeit der Stute verantwortlich ist. Die Versorgung der Stuten ist aufgrund der Schwankungen in der Futteraufnahme rund um die Geburt durch den Einsatz von hochwertigen Futtermitteln zu sichern.
Der Versuch überprüfte den Einfluss der Fütterung von Shredlage-Maissilage auf die Futterqualität, Mastleistung, Gesundheit und den Schlachtkörperwert von Fleckviehbullen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Fütterung von Shredlage keinen negativen Einfluss auf die obigen Parameter ausübte. Im Gegenteil, der Einsatz von Shredlage zeigt Potential einen Beitrag zu einer wiederkäuergerechten Fütterung zu leisten und Produktionsmerkmale zu verbessern.
Weniger ist nicht immer mehr
(2022)
Braune Brühe, was tun?
(2022)
Kotwasser beim Pferd
(2022)
Mehr Tränken bei Hitze
(2022)
Shredlage für Masttiere?
(2022)
Die vollständig überarbeitete Neuauflage des Lehrbuchklassikers jetzt ergänzt durch ein zusätzliches Kapitel und mit neuem Layout.
Dieses Standardwerk umfasst sämtliche Themengebiete der Lebensmittelphysik und behandelt u. a. die thermischen, rheologischen, akustischen und elektrischen Eigenschaften sowie die Dichte und Textur von Lebensmitteln. Zudem wird ausführlich auf die Funktion von online-Sensoren und deren Bedeutung für die Prozessautomatisierung in der Lebensmittelindustrie eingegangen.
Für Studierende der Lebensmittelwissenschaften und der Lebensmitteltechnologie ist dieses Lehrbuch mit vielen vorgerechneten Beispielen die Basis für ein grundlegendes Verständnis der Lebensmittelphysik. Ingenieure, Technologen und Techniker in der Lebensmittelproduktion können die aufgelisteten Anwendungsbeispiele am Ende jedes Kapitels nutzen, um ihre Kenntnisse für zukünftige physikalische Verfahren zu vertiefen.
This textbook provides a comprehensive foundation of food physics by addressing the physical properties of food, food ingredients, and their measurements. Physical properties of food play a key role in all fields where modern technological processes are applied for the generation of food raw materials and the production of food. The determination of the physical properties of food and related products is a pre-requisite for product and process development, production engineering and automation in today’s food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries, as well as related quality control activities.
Following the success of its first edition published in 2007, the book has been updated to reflect recent industrial applications of novel physical food processing technologies. Each chapter begins with basic principles and progresses to a comprehensive coverage of the topic. The authors enriched this second edition with several didactic elements, including definition boxes, examples, and chapter-end summaries.
This textbook helps readers to build up their knowledge of the important aspects surrounding the physical properties of foods and food ingredients. It is also an essential resource for students of food science and technology to complement textbooks in food chemistry and food microbiology, as well as for food and chemical engineers, technologists, and technicians in the food industry.
Schlampige Reiteration
(2024)