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Greenwashing, defined by the Oxford Dictionary as “disinformation disseminated by an organization so as to present an environmentally responsible public image” can cause multifarious problems for companies. The phenomenon of greenwashing has, however, not attracted much attention in the event marketing literature to date. The purpose of this paper is twofold. It first describes and analyses the specific characteristics and features of greenwashing in event marketing. It then seeks to identify the current fundamental approaches of how to avoid greenwashing in event marketing and to assess their potential. A two-step literature analysis with complementary search approaches served as a methodical framework. First, journals related to event marketing were screened for the keywords “greenwashing” and “greenwash”. Next, the general literature was consulted for the same keywords. The results clearly demonstrate that the subject of greenwashing has been widely neglected in the event literature. There appears to be no overall concept or approach that allows event actors to avoid greenwashing, albeit various individual initiatives exist. However, it also became clear that initiatives against greenwashing in event marketing can be developed and implemented in the short and long term, for example by integrating different stakeholders. Additional political and juridical efforts based on specific guidelines are also necessary to prevent greenwashing in the future. The study is the first one to provide a systematic approach to the topic of greenwashing in the context of event marketing, including relevant approaches for its avoidance. It can thus help practitioners to better detect and avoid greenwashing in the event industry and to guide similar research in the future.
Co-Creation in der Veranstaltungsbranche: Der Mehrwert von partizipativen Veranstaltungsformaten
(2021)
Das Konzept der Co-Creation hat sich zu einem vieldiskutierten Thema in der Veranstaltungsbranche entwickelt. Dieses Kapitel analysiert das Konzept von Co-Creation, auch vor dem Hintergrund ihrer Entstehung und Entwicklung im Rahmen der service-orientierten Sichtweise des Marketings. Ziel des Co-Creation-Ansatzes ist die Schaffung eines Mehrwertes für alle Beteiligten. Im Sinne eines gelungenen Wissenstransfers ist es für Veranstaltungs organisatoren dabei auch wichtig zu beachten, wie die Teilnehmer lernen und wie sie Informationen aufnehmen und behalten. Dazu werden verschiedene Lerntypen und Lernstile aus der Lernpsychologie vorgestellt. Die Ausführungen belegen die hohe Bedeutung von partizipativen Elementen, die somit neben den konventionellen Formaten (z. B. Frontalvorträgen) Bestandteil einer erfolgreichen Veranstaltung sein sollten. Das Kapitel stellt die prominentesten partizipativen Formate und deren Vor- und Nachteile vor und geht auch auf mögliche Herausforderungen bei der Umsetzung ein.
Conceptualising event value co-destruction and developing a future agenda for events research
(2021)
Purpose
Value co-destruction has received little attention in an event-related context. This appears surprising, given that the interactions among actors at an event may also reduce the value for other participants, stakeholders and that of the entire event or the event's service ecosystem. This paper first aims to conceptualise value co-destruction and to provide an overview of related research in an event context. Second, a future research agenda for value co-destruction processes in an event context is developed.
Design/methodology/approach
Journals of the “Scimago Journal and Country Rank” were systematically reviewed for the keywords “value co-destruction”, “value destruction” and “negative value co-creation”. A second literature review specifically aimed at the events context extended the search scope to non-Scimago journals, Google Scholar and Google Web using the same keywords. All identified articles were qualitatively analysed concerning (1) the conceptualisation of value co-destruction and (2) reasons for value co-destruction.
Findings
The review of previous research highlights a limited scope of analysis, a focus on value co-destruction as an outcome and on interactions at the meso-level. Based on these findings, a holistic definition of value co-destruction is proposed. The paper identifies two major directions for future studies on value co-destruction at events and suggests specific examples.
Originality/value
The paper contributes to a more holistic understanding of value co-creation and co-destruction in an event setting. For example, a clearer understanding of the interactions that reduce the overall value of an event may assist to better design valuable events in the future.
Highlights • We investigate how peer learning impacts elite footballers' performance. • We interview twelve elite footballers from German Bundesliga clubs. • Our findings highlight that peers are important knowledge sources in football. • Knowledge sharing positively impacts elite players' development and performance. • The findings call for management tactics to use this untapped potential. Abstract This research focuses on coworker learning and knowledge sharing amongst elite footballers. The authors provide an in-depth understanding on how elite footballers learn from their peers and which channels are used to share their knowledge. The authors also analyze how peer learning impacts an elite footballer's development and performance and to what extent elite football clubs actively support peer learning. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 12 elite footballers from first and second division German Bundesliga clubs. The findings demonstrate that peers are very important sources of knowledge for elite footballers. There are four main knowledge sharing channels: observing/imitating, peer exchange/peer communication, labor mobility and knowledge brokers. The findings highlight the positive impact of knowledge sharing on elite players' development and performance and call for future (knowledge) management tactics to specifically use this untapped potential.
In einem vielbeachteten Gutachten des Wissenschaftlichen Beirats der Bundesregierung (WBGU) im Jahr 2011 wird ein notwendiger Transformationsprozess zu einer klimafreundlicheren Gesellschaft angemahnt (WBGU 2011). Im Jahr 2014 wird diese Forderung im Sondergutachten Klimaschutz als Weltbürgerbewegung aktualisiert (WBGU 2014). Studien verdeutlichen, dass viele Unternehmen in den letzten Jahren diesem geforderten Transformationsprozess nur sehr langsam und einseitig nachgehen. Danach sind nachhaltige Verhaltensweisen scheinbar nur dann relevant, wenn sie dem Unternehmen einen strategischen Wettbewerbsvorteil ermöglichen (Corporate Responsibility Index 2013). Werte und Normen von Unternehmensvertretern sowie deren gesellschaftlich verantwortungsvolles Handeln, verändern sich nur sehr strategisch. Das mag u. a. daran liegen, dass in der Vergangenheit primär technische Innovationen, z. B. effizientere Motoren, im Mittelpunkt standen, um den Transformationsprozess zu unterstützen und weniger die Veränderung von Einstellungen und Verhalten der Individuen (Stengel 2011). In den letzten Jahren haben jedoch soziale Innovationen (z. B. Sharing‐Economy) mit dem Ziel an Bedeutung gewonnen, die Ressourceneffizienz zu erhöhen. Ergänzend zeigen sich vielfältige Potenziale, wie sich gesellschaftliche Veränderungen durch innovative Formen der Kooperation, z. B. Reallabore, voranbringen lassen.
Artificial intelligence will change our lives permanently - both at work and in our private lives. But how does machine learning actually work? The authors explore this question in their English-language textbook. They teach the necessary basics for the use of support vector machines, for example, through linear programming, the Lagrange multiplier, kernels and the SMO algorithm. They also cover neural networks, evolutionary algorithms, and Bayesian networks. Definitions are highlighted in the book and assignments invite readers to think along. The textbook is aimed at students of computer science, engineering and natural sciences, especially in the fields of robotics, artificial intelligence, and mathematics.
Die ökologischen Auswirkungen des ökonomischen Wachstums zählen zu den größten Problemen unserer Gesellschaft. Als Reaktion auf diese ökologischen Herausforderungen hat sich im Eventmarkt in den letzten ca. 20 Jahren das Konzept der „Green Meetings“ entwickelt. Durch diese Veranstaltungsform sollen die Auswirkungen einer durchgeführten Veranstaltung auf die Umwelt möglichst gering gehalten werden. Im Rahmen einer Literaturanalyse werden fünf verschiedene Untersuchungsschwerpunkte identifiziert, mit denen sich „Green Meetings“ erklären lassen. Aus jedem dieser Ansätze geht ein sehr unterschiedliches Verständnis von Green Meetings hervor. Dabei wird ersichtlich, dass in der Vergangenheit insbesondere die multiple Wirkung von Veranstaltungen im Vordergrund der Analysen stand. Neuere Ansätze helfen, Green Meetings holistischer zu erklären und greifen dabei auf das Konzept der Nachhaltigkeit oder des Stakeholder- und Netzwerk-Ansatzes zurück. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass zum einen die ökologische Perspektive von Green Meetings vertiefender analysiert werden sollte. Zum anderen sollte der ökologische Blickwinkel von Green Meetings stärker um soziale und ökonomische Aspekte erweitert und die Zusammenhänge intensiver untersucht werden. Auf Basis der Literaturanalyse wird empfohlen, den Begriff „Green Meetings“ durch „nachhaltige Veranstaltungen“ zu ersetzen, da letzterer die Komplexität und Ganzheitlichkeit des Konzeptes adäquater umschreibt. Abschließend wird ein neues Definitionsverständnis von „nachhaltigen Veranstaltungen“ vorgeschlagen, das die verschiedenen Forschungsansätze integriert und einen holistischen Erklärungsansatz bietet.
While recent studies have demonstrated that events are fundamentally climate sensitive, this seems to not be fully considered in event research or corporate event practice. Thus, this study aims to identify the influencing factors that affect the acceptance of climate adaptation measures among decision-makers in the event industry. The analysis was divided into three main parts. First, the existing literature related to climate change in an events context was reviewed. Using 15 semi structured interviews, the findings from this review were then critically discussed with stakeholders in Germany involved in event planning. Finally, explicit climate adaptation measures were proposed and discussed. Based on all findings, there appears to be a low level of awareness of and interest in climate adaptation amongst German event industry players. There is an imminent need for further research on climate adaptation and for decision-makers to better prepare for climate change in order to counteract resulting negative impacts.
Events are intangible services and services marketing thus plays a considerable role within event management education. The marketing mix with its “4 Ps” (product, price, promotion, place) is an essential element of many event management curricula. Most educational institutions also reflect the development (and related discussions) towards the existence of “7 Ps” – adding personnel, physical facilities and process management (Meffert/ Bruhn 2009) – or even “8 Ps” – adding physical environment, purchasing process, packaging and participation(Burke/ Resnick 2000) – within the service marketing domain.