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Intensive care units (ICU) are often overflooded with alarms from monitoring devices which constitutes a hazard to both staff and patients. To date, the suggested solutions to excessive monitoring alarms have remained on a research level. We aimed to identify patient characteristics that affect the ICU alarm rate with the goal of proposing a straightforward solution that can easily be implemented in ICUs. Alarm logs from eight adult ICUs of a tertiary care university-hospital in Berlin, Germany were retrospectively collected between September 2019 and March 2021. Adult patients admitted to the ICU with at least 24 h of continuous alarm logs were included in the study. The sum of alarms per patient per day was calculated. The median was 119. A total of 26,890 observations from 3205 patients were included. 23 variables were extracted from patients' electronic health records (EHR) and a multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association of patient characteristics and alarm rates. Invasive blood pressure monitoring (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4.68, 95%CI 4.15–5.29, p < 0.001), invasive mechanical ventilation (aOR 1.24, 95%CI 1.16–1.32, p < 0.001), heart failure (aOR 1.26, 95%CI 1.19–1.35, p < 0.001), chronic renal failure (aOR 1.18, 95%CI 1.10–1.27, p < 0.001), hypertension (aOR 1.19, 95%CI 1.13–1.26, p < 0.001), high RASS (aOR 1.22, 95%CI 1.18–1.25, p < 0.001) and scheduled surgical admission (aOR 1.22, 95%CI 1.13–1.32, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with a high alarm rate. Our study suggests that patient-specific alarm management should be integrated in the clinical routine of ICUs. To reduce the overall alarm load, particular attention regarding alarm management should be paid to patients with invasive blood pressure monitoring, invasive mechanical ventilation, heart failure, chronic renal failure, hypertension, high RASS or scheduled surgical admission since they are more likely to have a high contribution to noise pollution, alarm fatigue and hence compromised patient safety in ICUs.
This study reported the impact of electron beam (e-beam) treatment on microbiota and mycotoxins naturally present in red pepper powder and physicochemical quality changes. Treatment at 6 kGy indicated significant (p < 0.05) decontamination of yeasts and molds by 3.0 and 4.4 log CFU/g, respectively. A reduction of 4.5 log CFU/g of total plate counts (TPC) was observed at 10 kGy for 23 s. Fungal inactivation followed first-order kinetics while TPC better fitted with Gompertz function (R2 = 0.9912). E-beam treatment was not efficient for the degradation of aflatoxins but indirectly controlled their production by inactivation of mycotoxigenic molds. Indeed, reduction of 25% ochratoxin A was recorded at 30 kGy retaining >85% of total phenols, carotenoids and antioxidants activity. Moreover, treatment impact on total color difference (ΔE*) indicated ‘slight differences’. Overall, e-beam treatments up to 10 kGy were efficient in decontaminating the natural microbiota without detrimental effects on the physicochemical qualities of red pepper powder.
The study aimed for the analysis of the impact of pulsed electric field (PEF) pre-treatment on convection (CD) and microwave (MW-CD) assisted air drying. Drying kinetics acceleration and retention of bioactive compounds of PEF pre-treated carrots and apples has been demonstrated. Moreover, the direct and indirect environmental energy impacts of CD and MW-CD technologies with consideration of bioactive compounds preservation has been evaluated. PEF assisted CD and MW-CD demonstrated lower energy use, especially for indirect energy consumption, in the case of carotenoids preservation in dried carrots.
The influence of oil content and droplet size of oil-in-water emulsions on the heat development in an ohmic heating system was investigated. The setup was run with constant power or voltage. Emulsions consisted of sunflower oil (10–50 wt%), aqua dest. (90–50 wt%) and whey protein isolate (1.25/ 2.5/ 3.75/ 5.0 and 6.25 wt%) Two different droplet size distributions were produced, large (d0.5 ≈ 2.0 μm) and small (d0.5 ≈ 0.3 μm), for each oil mass fraction. The emulsions were ohmically heated from 10 to 80 °C at a constant power of 3.0 kW and constant voltage of 15 V/cm. The electrical conductivity decreased with an increasing oil content, resulting in longer or shorter heating time for constant voltage or constant power input, respectively. The droplet size only affected the heating process at the highest oil content.
Industrial relevance
Emulsions occur in a wide range of food products (e.g. sauces, dressings, desserts) and have properties giving structure to the food system. Ohmic heating is an emerging thermal process with improved (e.g. faster or less energy required) heating characteristics. The influence of physical changes due to different droplet sizes are of interest because these might also affect the heating characteristic. In addition, the direct comparison of two different process regulations (constant power and constant voltage) indicate which set up is expedient to a successful heating process. This study aims to identify the influence of emulsion-induced structural changes and process changes on the heating rates, which is of interest for the food industry and the related machine building industry.
Red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the major spices consumed globally, recognized for its aroma and nutrient properties, and it has a major economic value for high producing countries. However, characterization of its techno-functional properties and in-depth understanding of oxidative stability is needed to produce food of high quality and stability. Thus, this work focused on the chemical, functional, thermal, oxidative stability and rheological properties of red pepper powder and paste. Experiment was designed in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) fashion. The red pepper powder contained 14.50 g/100 g, 44.00 g/100 g and 7.57 g/100 g of crude fat, crude fiber and ash, respectively. The concentration of total phenols, carotenoids and antioxidants activity of the powder were 1.04 g GAE/100 g, 374 mg βc/100 g and 38.61 μmol TE/g, respectively. Functional properties showed lower bulk density (395.1 kg/m3) and higher tapped density (583.4 kg/m3) indicating the higher compressibility of the powder. In contrast, Hausner ratio (1.48), Carr’s index (32%) and angle of repose (45°) indicated poor flowability of the powder. Particle size distribution also indicated that the volume weighted mean values D[4,3] of the powder and paste were 262.20 and 201.46, respectively. Emulsifying capacity of the powder was 47.5%. Oil and water absorption capacities varied from 1.41 to 1.73 and 0.86 to 2.29 g/g of initial weight, respectively. Higher glass transition temperature was observed for the powder (62.54°C) than the paste (45.64°C). The induction period indicated that red pepper was more stable against oxidation in powder (5.2 h) than in the paste form (3.2 h). Rheological analysis revealed that the paste exhibited shear-thinning behavior. Overall, understanding of the properties of red pepper could contribute to enhance quality.
The increased consumption of reduced-fat or non-fat products leads to a reduced intake of fat-soluble bioactive substances, such as fat-soluble vitamins. Due to their natural role as transport systems for hydrophobic substances, casein micelles (CM) might depict a viable system. The structure of CM is characterized by a lipophilic core stabilized by an electric double layer-like structure. Modification allows accessibility of the core and, therefore, the inclusion of fat-soluble bioactive substances. Well-known modifications are pH reduction and use of rennet enzyme. A completely new procedure to modify CM structure is offered by pulsed electrical fields (PEF). The principle behind PEF is called electroporation and affects the electric double layer of CM so that it is interrupted. In this way, lipophilic substances can be incorporated into CM. In this work, we evaluated integration of β-carotene into native CM by an industry-compatible process to overcome disadvantages associated with the use of Na-caseinate and avoid great technical effort, e.g., due to treatment with high hydrostatic pressure. Our research has shown that PEF can be used for disintegration of CM and that significant amounts of β-carotene can be incorporated in CM. Furthermore, after disintegration using PEF, a combination of another PEF and thermal treatment was applied to restructure CM and trap significant amounts of β-carotene, permanently, ending up with an encapsulation efficiency of 78%.
Currently, the modelling of drying processes of plant tissues pre-treated by pulsed electric field (PEF) is following experimentally identified curves or separate heat and mass transfer and diffusion models with different levels of accuracy. This research had two major objectives: mathematical modeling and control of drying process of different vegetables pretreated by PEF during convective drying. The mathematical modeling was based on Luikov's heat and mass transfer model along with properties of different vegetables. Computer modelling was done using the difference method for predicting moisture and the temperature potentials of untreated and PEF-treated vegetables. The formulation and the solution procedures were applied to simulate the simultaneous heat and mass transfer in selected vegetables subjected to the convective drying. Suggested model had a good correlation with experimental results. Moreover, cell disintegration index can be used as a controllable parameter in heat and mass transfer models to predict drying behavior of potato, onion, and carrot tissues. Obtained drying models can be used as a mathematical tool to predict drying behavior for various types of agricultural products pre-treated by pulsed electric field.
The study aimed to investigate inactivation of naturally occurring microorganisms and quality of red pepper paste treated by high pressure processing (HPP). Central composite rotatable design was employed to determine the impacts of pressure (100–600 MPa) and holding time (30–600 s). HPP at 527 MPa for 517 s reduced aerobic mesophilic bacteria count by 4.5 log CFU/g. Yeasts and molds counts were reduced to 1 log CFU/g at 600 MPa for 315 s. Total phenols, carotenoids and antioxidants activity ranged from 0.28 to 0.33 g GAE/100 g, 96.0–98.4 mg βc/100 g and 8.70–8.95 μmol TE/g, respectively. Increase (2.5–6.7%) in these variables was observed with increasing pressure and holding time. Total color difference (ΔE∗) values (0.2–2.8) were within the ranges of ‘imperceptible’ to ‘noticeable’. Experimental results were fitted satisfactorily into quadratic model with higher R2 values (0.8619–0.9863). Optimization process suggested treatment of red pepper paste at 536 MPa for 125 s for maximum desirability (0.622). Validation experiments confirmed comparable percentage of relative errors. Overall, this technique could be considered as an efficient treatment for the inactivation of microorganisms that naturally occur in red pepper paste with minimal changes in its characteristics.
The impact of Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) on the peeling ability of different fruits and vegetables in particular tomatoes, peaches, peppers, and oranges were investigated. Samples were exposed to a fixed electric field strength of 2.15 kV/cm. The specific energy ranged from 0.6 kJ/kg to 50.3 kJ/kg. The treated raw materials were analysed regarding to the peeling ability, skin size and weight and firmness. The best result for tomatoes at a specific energy of 1.2 kJ/kg induced a high score of peeling ability that led to less product loss and could therefore increase the yield by 33.84%–41.53% compared to untreated samples. Moreover, an increased skin size by a factor of 3.7 was observed. However, PEF had no significant impact on peeling ability of oranges, peppers, and peaches. Although oranges showed an improvement in peeling ability by up to 32%, this cannot be traced back to the PEF treatment. The different properties and structures of the raw materials were discussed and provided indications about the limitation of PEF.
The present study investigates properties of heat-induced, self-standing gels of globular proteins. Native egg white protein (EWP) with 9,8 wt% protein and 0,395 wt% NaCl content was adjusted to pH = 7,0 and heated from 25 to 85 °C via Ohmic heating (OH) and conventional heating (COV) with respective come-up times (CUT, 240 and 1200 s) and holding times (HOLD, 30 and 900 s). Gels heated under OH showed lower denaturation levels and less water holding capacity. When HOLD was short, the firmness of OH gels exceeded COV gel firmness but deceeded at long HOLD. Similarly, at short HOLD OH samples presented higher hydrophobic interactions whereas at long HOLD COV gels showed more hydrophobic interactions. This correlated with changes of intermolecular beta-sheet structures which increased with HOLD at COV but decreased or remained unchanged during OH. Furthermore, as an SDS-PAGE revealed the main EWP, ovalbumin, did not fully denature when heated via OH, this lead to the assumption that the oscillatory electric field partially interferes the complete denaturation and development of intermolecular beta-sheet structures and hydrophobic interactions during thermal gelation of this protein. Scanning electron microscopy also showed deviances in network structures between OH and COV as COV gels exhibited a denser and OH gels a more open and porous network structure.
Applications of pulsed electric fields for processing potatoes: Examples and equipment design
(2022)
In the last two decades, pulsed electric fields (PEF) have successfully been introduced into the food industry, as one of the most promising and "game changing" technologies. This review is devoted to the recent applications of pulsed electric fields used in processing potatoes. The potato processing market size was estimated to be ca. USD 24.83 billion (2018) and with an annual growth rate of 5.2%. The physicochemical characteristics of potatoes and the specificity of potato processing lines makes a pulsed electric field very versatile and flexible allowing one to achieve different technological aims by its implementation into technological lines. In this paper, a short analysis of the potato structure and its nutritional properties, applications of moderate electric fields, ohmic heating, and pulsed electric fields are presented. Moreover, the basic electroporation effects, metabolic responses, texture modification and different PEF assisted processes applied to the potato are discussed. Finally, some examples of commercial applications and a brief description of the available equipment for the PEF processing of potatoes are presented.
Der Bereich Ernährung wird in den kommenden Jahrzehnten vor zahlreichen Herausforderungen stehen, die sich aus den veränderten Lebensgewohnheiten und globalen Konsummustern bei gleichzeitig hohem Ressourcenverbrauch ergeben. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird in diesem Papier ein neu entwickeltes Instrument zur Verringerung der Auswirkungen auf die Ernährung vorgestellt, der sogenannte Ernährungsfußabdruck. Das Instrument basiert auf der Umsetzung des Konzepts einer nachhaltigen Ernährung in Entscheidungsprozessen und der Unterstützung einer ressourcenschonenden Gesellschaft. Das Konzept integriert jeweils vier Indikatoren aus den beiden ernährungsrelevanten Bereichen Gesundheit und Umwelt und verdichtet sie zu einem leicht kommunizierbaren Ergebnis, das sich in seinen Ergebnissen auf eine Wirkungsebene beschränkt. Anhand von acht Mittagsmahlzeiten werden die Methodik und ihre Berechnungsverfahren detailliert vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die allgemeine wissenschaftliche Sichtweise auf Lebensmittel; Mahlzeiten auf der Basis von tierischem Eiweiß sind im Hinblick auf ihre Gesundheits- und Umweltauswirkungen relevanter. Das Konzept scheint für Verbraucher nützlich zu sein, um ihre eigene Wahl zu bewerten, und für Unternehmen, um ihre internen Daten, ihre Benchmarking-Prozesse oder ihre externe Kommunikationsleistung zu erweitern. Methodische Unzulänglichkeiten und die Interpretation der Ergebnisse werden erörtert, und die Schlussfolgerung zeigt das Potenzial der Instrumente für die Gestaltung von Übergangsprozessen und für die Verringerung des Verbrauchs natürlicher Ressourcen durch die Unterstützung von Entscheidungen und Wahlmöglichkeiten von Lebensmittelanbietern und Verbrauchern.
The impact of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) processing pre-treatment on the texture and kinetics of in vitro starch digestibility of French fries made from two potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.) containing dry matter content ranging from 19 to 22% was investigated. Whole and steam-peeled potato tubers were treated with a pilot scale PEF unit (electric field strength of 1.1 and 1.9 kV/cm with energy input <10 kJ/kg or ∼50 kJ/kg). This trial was carried out in a commercial French-fry plant using an industrial scale cutter, blancher, fryer and blast-freezer to prepare the frozen par-fried French fry samples. After subsequent final batch frying of the frozen fries, at 180 °C for 3 min to mimic the typical preparation practice at restaurant, retail and household, the outer crust of the fries produced from PEF-treated potatoes was significantly harder (9.4–16.3 N) than crust produced from untreated potatoes (6.9–8.5 N). High intensity (1.9 kV/cm with energy input ∼50 kJ/kg) PEF processing was found to cause defects (i.e. hollowness in the internal core) in the fries. A fractional conversion model was a good fit for the starch digestion kinetics of all French fry samples during the small intestinal phase (based on standardised INFOGEST static in vitro digestion assay). A lower % of total starch hydrolysis was predicted for French fries produced from high dry matter (>21%) tubers pretreated with PEF at electric field strength of 1.9 kV/cm. The findings generated in this study demonstrate PEF pretreatment may influence the texture of French fries and the extent of starch digestion that occurs.
The impact of pulsed light (PL) treatment on naturally occurring microorganisms, mycotoxins, and on physicochemical properties in red pepper powder was investigated. Powder samples were exposed to different PL treatments up to 61 pulses, with fluence ranging from 1.0 to 9.1 J/cm2. The highest fluence applied (9.1 J/cm2, 61 pulses, 20 s) resulted in 2.7, 3.1, and 4.1 log CFU/g reduction of yeasts, molds, and total plate counts (TPC), where initial microbial loads were 4.6, 5.5, and 6.5 log CFU/g, respectively. At the same fluence intensity, a maximum reduction of 67.2, 50.9, and 36.9% of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), total aflatoxins (AF), and ochratoxin A (OTA) were detected, respectively. Proportional increase in temperature of the samples was observed from the absorbed PL energy, reaching maximum of 59.8°C. The inactivation of investigated microorganisms and mycotoxins followed first-order kinetics (R2 > 0.95). The fluence intensity at 6.9 and 9.1 J/cm2 did not cause degradation, but rather a significant (p < .05) and apparent increase of total phenols. Total color difference (ΔE*) revealed only “slight differences,” compared to the untreated sample. In conclusion, higher reduction of microbial load and mycotoxins in red pepper powder could be achieved, when higher treatment intensity was applied. This suggests the PL as a potential technology for decontamination of red pepper powder and other spice powders.
The influence of moderate electric fields (MEF) on thermally induced gelation and network structures of patatin enriched potato protein (PPI) was investigated. PPI solutions with 9 wt% protein (pH 7) and 25 mM NaCl were heated from 25 to 65 °C via OH (3–24 V/cm) or conventional heating (COV) at various come-up (240 s and 1200 s) and holding times (30 s and 600 s). Self-standing gels were produced but less proteins denatured when heated via OH. Further, SDS-PAGE and GPC measurements revealed more native patatin remaining after OH treatment. Scanning electron microscopy showed OH gels to have more gap-like structures and frayed areas than COV treated gels which resulted in lower water holding capacity. On molecular scale, less hydrophobic interactions were measured within the protein network and FTIR trials showed the MEF to affect beta-sheet structures. OH gels further showed lower rigidity and higher flexibility, thus, gelling functionality was affected via OH.
The kiwifruit processing industry is focused on product yield maximization and keeping energy costs and waste effluents to a minimum while maintaining high product quality. In our study, pulsed electric field (PEF) pretreatment enhanced kiwifruit processing to facilitate peelability and specific peeling process and enhanced valorization of kiwifruit waste. PEF optimization was applied to obtain the best treatment parameters. A 32 factorial design of response surface methodology was applied to find the effect of time elapsed after PEF treatment and the PEF-specific energy input on specific peeling force and kiwifruit firmness as response criteria. Under the optimized condition, the specific peeling force decreased by 100, and peelability increased by 2 times. The phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of PEF-treated kiwifruit bagasse were 5.1% and 260% richer than the control sample. Overall, the optimized PEF pretreatments incorporated into kiwifruit processing led to decreased energy demand and increased productivity.
Novel foods by process are a special case in the catalogue of the ten novel food categories according to Article 3 (2) point (a) of the Novel Food Regulation (EU) 2015/2283, since the other nine categories derive their assessment as possible novel foods from their purely substantial properties. In the case of novel foods by process, the problem of dealing with the reference date of 15 May 1997, which is in the end a random reference date, is particularly significant. It would make more sense to have a dynamic reference date that ‘moves along the timeline’ or at least is reset from time to time and is more up-to-date. The characteristic that a process causes ‘significant changes in the composition or structure of the food, affecting its nutritional value, metabolism or level of undesirable substances’ must be understood in such a way that it is only a question of the generation of undesirable substances through the application of the process, but not their reduction, e.g. the reduction of undesirable microorganisms. Finally, the question also arises as to how the assessment of the process technology relates to the assessment of a food in the context of a novel food by composition category. This concerns the exemption for foods that have a history of use as safe foods, which, according to the view taken here, must also be interpreted into the category of novel foods by process.
Plant-based proteins are rapidly emerging, while novel technologies are explored to offer more efficient extraction processes. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of pulsed electric fields (PEFs) and temperature on the extraction of soluble proteins from nettle leaves (Urtica dioica L.) and identify an optimal operational range for the highest yield of soluble proteins. Extractions and kinetic modeling were conducted with whole and ground dried leaves at different temperatures (30–70 °C) and specific energy of PEF (0–30 kJ kg−1) with extraction times of up to 60 min. The influence of temperature and specific energy on the soluble protein extraction yields was investigated and modeled using composite central design and response surface methodology. The experimental results were fitted to Peleg's kinetic model, which satisfactorily described the extraction process (R2 > 0.902), and PEF treated samples resulted in a higher soluble protein yield and shortened processing time. Response surface methodology showed that the linear effect of temperature and quadratic effect of PEF (p < 0.01) were highly significant for protein yield. In the optimized PEF-extraction region (specific energy between 10 and 24 kJ kg−1, and 70–78 °C), soluble protein yield was higher than 60% after 5 minutes of extraction. The achieved results are relevant for developing processes for PEF assisted extraction of soluble proteins from leaves. Understanding the effects of PEFs and process parameters is crucial to obtain high protein yields, while requiring low energy and short processing time.
Ohmic heating (OH) is an alternative sustainable heating technology that has demonstrated its potential to modify protein structures and aggregates. Furthermore, certain protein aggregates, namely amyloid fibrils (AF), are associated with an enhanced protein functionality, such as gelation. This study evaluates how Ohmic heating (OH) influences the formation of AF structures from ovalbumin source under two electric field strength levels, 8.5 to 10.5 and 24.0–31.0 V/cm, respectively. Hence, AF aggregate formation was assessed over holding times ranging from 30 to 1200 sunder various environmental conditions (3.45 and 67.95 mM NaCl, 80, 85 and 90 °C, pH = 7). AF were formed under all conditions. SDS-PAGE revealed that OH had a higher tendency to preserve native ovalbumin molecules. Furthermore, Congo Red and Thioflavin T stainings indicated that OH reduces the amount of AF structures. This finding was supported by FTIR measurements, which showed OH samples to contain lower amounts of beta-sheets. Field flow fractioning revealed smaller-sized aggregates or aggregate clusters occurred after OH treatment. In contrast, prolonged holding time or higher treatment temperatures increased ThT fluorescence, beta-sheet structures and aggregate as well as cluster sizes. Ionic strength was found to dominate the effects of electric field strength under different environmental conditions.
Easy and inexpensive methods for measuring ammonia emissions in multi-plot field trials allow the comparison of several treatments with liquid manure application. One approach that might be suitable under these conditions is the dynamic tube method (DTM). Applying the DTM, a mobile chamber system is placed on the soil surface, and the air volume within is exchanged at a constant rate for approx. 90 s. with an automated pump. This procedure is assumed to achieve an equilibrium ammonia concentration within the system. Subsequently, a measurement is performed using an ammonia-sensitive detector tube. Ammonia fluxes are calculated based on an empirical model that also takes into account the background ammonia concentration measured on unfertilized control plots. Between measurements on different plots, the chamber system is flushed with ambient air and cleaned with paper towels to minimize contamination with ammonia. The aim of this study was to determine important prerequisites and boundary conditions for the application of the DTM.
We conducted a laboratory experiment to test if the ammonia concentration remains stable while performing a measurement. Furthermore, we investigated the cleaning procedure and the effect of potential ammonia carryover on cumulated emissions under field conditions following liquid manure application. The laboratory experiment indicated that the premeasurement phase to ensure a constant ammonia concentration is not sufficient. The concentration only stabilized after performing more than 100 pump strokes, with 20 pump strokes (lasting approximately 90 s) being the recommendation.
However, the duration of performing a measurement can vary substantially, and linear conversion accounts for those differences, so a stable concentration is mandatory. Further experiments showed that the cleaning procedure is not sufficient under field conditions. Thirty minutes after performing measurements on high emitting plots, which resulted in an ammonia concentration of approx.
10 ppm in the chamber, we detected a residual concentration of 2 ppm. This contamination may affect measurements on plots with liquid manure application as well as on untreated control plots. In a field experiment with trailing hose application of liquid manure, we subsequently demonstrated that the calculation of cumulative ammonia emissions can vary by a factor of three, depending on the degree of chamber system contamination when measuring control plots. When the ammoni background values were determined by an uncontaminated chamber system that was used to measure only control plots, cumulative ammonia emissions were approximately 9 kg NH3-N ha1.
However, when ammonia background values were determined using the contaminated chamber system that was also used to measure on plots with liquid manure application, the calculation of cumulative ammonia losses indicated approximately 3 kg NH3-N ha1. Based on these results, it can be concluded that a new empirical DTM calibration is needed for multi-plot field experiments with high-emitting treatments.
Introduction Postoperative delirium (POD) is seen in approximately 15% of elderly patients and is related to poorer outcomes. In 2017, the Federal Joint Committee (Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss) introduced a ‘quality contract’ (QC) as a new instrument to improve healthcare in Germany. One of the four areas for improvement of in-patient care is the ‘Prevention of POD in the care of elderly patients’ (QC-POD), as a means to reduce the risk of developing POD and its complications.
The Institute for Quality Assurance and Transparency in Health Care identified gaps in the in-patient care of elderly patients related to the prevention, screening and treatment of POD, as required by consensus-based and evidence-based delirium guidelines. This paper introduces the QC-POD protocol, which aims to implement these guidelines into the clinical routine. There is an urgent need for well-structured, standardised and interdisciplinary pathways that enable the reliable screening and treatment of POD. Along with effective preventive measures, these concepts have a considerable potential to improve the care of elderly patients.
Methods and analysis The QC-POD study is a non-randomised, pre–post, monocentric, prospective trial with an interventional concept following a baseline control period. The QC-POD trial was initiated on 1 April 2020 between Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the German health insurance company BARMER and will end on 30 June 2023. Inclusion criteria: patients 70 years of age or older that are scheduled for a surgical procedure requiring anaesthesia and insurance with the QC partner (BARMER). Exclusion criteria included patients with a language barrier, moribund patients and those unwilling or unable to provide informed consent. The QC-POD protocol provides perioperative intervention at least two times per day, with delirium screening and non-pharmacological preventive measures.
Ethics and dissemination This protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (EA1/054/20). The results will be published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal and presented at national and international conferences.
A brief questionnaire for measuring alarm fatigue in nurses and physicians in intensive care units
(2023)
When exposed to hundreds of medical device alarms per day, intensive care unit (ICU) staff can develop “alarm fatigue” (i.e., desensitisation to alarms). However, no standardised way of quantifying alarm fatigue exists. We aimed to develop a brief questionnaire for measuring alarm fatigue in nurses and physicians. After developing a list of initial items based on a literature review, we conducted 15 cognitive interviews with the target group (13 nurses and two physicians) to ensure that the items are face valid and comprehensible. We then asked 32 experts on alarm fatigue to judge whether the items are suited for measuring alarm fatigue. The resulting 27 items were sent to nurses and physicians from 15 ICUs of a large German hospital. We used exploratory factor analysis to further reduce the number of items and to identify scales. A total of 585 submissions from 707 participants could be analysed (of which 14% were physicians and 64% were nurses). The simple structure of a two-factor model was achieved within three rounds. The final questionnaire (called Charité Alarm Fatigue Questionnaire; CAFQa) consists of nine items along two scales (i.e., the “alarm stress scale” and the “alarm coping scale”). The CAFQa is a brief questionnaire that allows clinical alarm researchers to quantify the alarm fatigue of nurses and physicians. It should not take more than five minutes to administer.
Introduction: Patients undergoing revision total hip surgery (RTHS) have a high prevalence of mild and moderate preoperative anemia, associated with adverse outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of perioperative allogeneic blood transfusions (ABT) and postoperative complications in preoperatively mild compared to moderate anemic patients undergoing RTHS who did not receive a diagnostic anemia workup and treatment before surgery. Methods: We included 1,765 patients between 2007 and 2019 at a university hospital. Patients were categorized according to their severity of anemia using the WHO criteria of mild, moderate, and severe anemia in the first Hb level of the case. Patients were grouped as having received no ABT, 1–2 units of ABT, or more than 2 units of ABT. Need for intraoperative ABT was assessed in accordance with institutional standards. Primary endpoint was the compound incidence of postoperative complications. Secondary outcomes included major/minor complications and length of hospital and ICU stay. Results: Of the 1,765 patients, 31.0% were anemic of any cause before surgery. Transfusion rates were 81% in anemic patients and 41.2% in nonanemic patients. The adjusted risks for compound postoperative complication were significantly higher in patients with moderate anemia (OR 4.88, 95% CI: 1.54–13.15, p = 0.003) but not for patients with mild anemia (OR 1.93, 95% CI: 0.85–3.94, p < 0.090). Perioperative ABT was associated with significantly higher risks for complications in nonanemic patients and showed an increased risk for complications in all anemic patients. In RTHS, perioperative ABT as a treatment for moderate preoperative anemia of any cause was associated with a negative compound effect on postoperative complications, compared to anemia or ABT alone. Discussion: ABT is associated with adverse outcomes of patients with moderate preoperative anemia before RTHS. For this reason, medical treatment of moderate preoperative anemia may be considered.
Background
Beta-blocker (BB) therapy plays a central role in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. An increasing number of patients with cardiovascular diseases undergoe noncardiac surgery, where opioids are an integral part of the anesthesiological management. There is evidence to suggest that short-term intravenous BB therapy may influence perioperative opioid requirements due to an assumed cross-talk between G-protein coupled beta-adrenergic and opioid receptors. Whether chronic BB therapy could also have an influence on perioperative opioid requirements is unclear.
Methods
A post hoc analysis of prospectively collected data from a multicenter observational (BioCog) study was performed. Inclusion criteria consisted of elderly patients (≥ 65 years) undergoing elective noncardiac surgery as well as total intravenous general anesthesia without the use of regional anesthesia and duration of anesthesia ≥ 60 min. Two groups were defined: patients with and without BB in their regular preopreative medication. The administered opioids were converted to their respective morphine equivalent doses. Multiple regression analysis was performed using the morphine-index to identify independent predictors.
Results
A total of 747 patients were included in the BioCog study in the study center Berlin. 106 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of these, 37 were on chronic BB. The latter were preoperatively significantly more likely to have arterial hypertension (94.6%), chronic renal failure (27%) and hyperlipoproteinemia (51.4%) compared to patients without BB. Both groups did not differ in terms of cumulative perioperative morphine equivalent dose (230.9 (BB group) vs. 214.8 mg (Non-BB group)). Predictive factors for increased morphine-index were older age, male sex, longer duration of anesthesia and surgery of the trunk. In a model with logarithmised morphine index, only gender (female) and duration of anesthesia remained predictive factors.
Conclusions
Chronic BB therapy was not associated with a reduced perioperative opioid consumption.
"The limits of my language are the limits of my mind. All I know is what I have words for" (Wittgenstein). When learning something completely new, we connect the unknown term to an already existing part of our knowledge. We can only build new ideas and insights upon an existing conceptual foundation. In the field of statistics, we educators frequently find ourselves met with great confusion when teaching novices. These students, entirely unfamiliar with even basic statistics, must connect the introduced statistical terms within their personal existing networks of largely non-statistical knowledge. Lecturers, on the other hand, who are well versed in statistics, have deeply internalized the content to be taught and its relevant context. The juxtaposition of the two roles may produce amusement in a lecturer upon gaining insight into the word associations made by the statistical novices. For example, a ‘logistic regression’ does not involve the ‘shipping of goods in economically difficult times,’ though this might seem entirely reasonable and intuitive to the statistics learner. Other times, these different perspectives can lead to headaches and frustration for both learners and their lecturers. In this article, we illustrate how simple statistical terms are initially connected to a student’s pre-exiting knowledge and how these associations change after completing an introductory course in applied statistics. Furthermore, we emphasize the important difference between “term”, “approach”, and “context”. Understanding this fundamental distinction may help improve the communication between the lecturer and the learner. We offer a collection of practical tools for instructors to help promote students’ conceptual understanding in a supportive, mutually-beneficial learning environment.
The ability of film stars to attract viewers is a widely accepted rationale for hiring expensive actors. However, the precise mechanisms behind this ‘drawing power’ remain unclear. By reviewing the existing literature, six possible antecedents of drawing power are identified. Artists with high acting abilities (i) increase a film’s artistic appeal, (ii) function as markers of quality and (iii) facilitate the matching process with the right audiences. Widely popular, commonly perceived as beautiful/handsome but often less talented actors, on the other hand, rather (iv) facilitate the marketing campaigns of films, (v) offer entertaining interactions with famous personalities and (vi) provide manifold opportunities for gossiping. Based on a discussion of the implications for theory and a preliminary analysis of a sample of Hollywood actors, managerial recommendations for those who have and those who depend on star drawing power are developed.
Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the strategic consequences of manufacturing location decisions, with a focus on understanding the link between collocating manufacturing with other value chain activities, via reshoring or retaining and organizational agility.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper uses qualitative data from 115 interviews with executives from UK high value manufacturing companies to explore the recent phenomenon of reshoring and the strategic effects of manufacturing location.
Findings
The location of manufacturing is operationally and strategically important for multinational companies. The spatial dispersion of manufacturing is determined by firm-specific and external factors, both of which are subject to constant change. The analysis shows that concentrating on manufacturing in their home countries enables firms to increase organizational agility and stimulate innovation. Better integration with and more extensive collaboration between related value chain activities, such as research and development, sales and marketing, leads to higher flexibility, speed and responsiveness to customer requirements. However, under certain conditions, firms also continue to benefit from the known advantages of offshoring.
Originality/value
This research sheds light on possible strategic downsides of global value chains, characterized by dispersed activities and intermitted processes. The results provide evidence that retaining manufacturing or bringing back manufacturing operations to a company’s home country can increase organizational flexibility, speed, adaptability, innovativeness and responsiveness to customer requirements. As these capabilities are critical for long-term survival, especially in dynamic environments, firms need to review their global factory configurations and determine whether the short-term advantages of foreign locations continue to justify offshoring practices.
Over the past decade, the proliferation of entrepreneurial ventures and small firms with sustainable business models have pushed the sustainability agenda in the fashion industry. Despite prominent success stories, these companies often encounter significant operative challenges that hinder growth or even cause business failure. This paper adopts a qualitative research design and uses data gathered during 18 expert interviews with entrepreneurs and executive managers of 18 firms from 13 countries to identify and explore the dominant challenges that micro- and small-sized sustainable fashion companies struggle with. The results indicate that communicating with consumers is perceived as surprisingly difficult, especially because sustainable brands need to justify higher prices and explain the added benefits of their products. Second, resource constraints lead to operative friction and overburdening of the decision makers and their small management teams. Third, sustainable sourcing and production processes are economically difficult in an industry that continues to occupy a mass and low-cost logic. Against the background of these insights, a range of managerial recommendations are developed and contextualized in the framework of the Business Model Canvas. This novel approach makes the suggestions which are rooted in the resource-based view actionable and supports sustainable businesses to better manage their operations and achieve growth. For example, collaborative approaches with different stakeholders may mitigate constraints across all three identified problem areas.
The 3GPP release 16 integrates TSN functionality into 5G and standardizes various options for TSN time synchronization over 5G such as transparent mode and bridge mode. The time domains for the TSN network and the 5G network are kept separate with an option to synchronize either of the networks to the other. The TSN time synchronization over 5G is possible either by using the IEEE 1588 generalized Precision Time Protocol (gPTP) based on UDP/IP multicast or via IEEE 802.1AS based on Ethernet PDUs. The INET and Simu5G simulation frameworks, which are both based on the OMNeT++ discrete event simulator, are widely used for simulating TSN and 5G networks. The INET framework comprises the 802.1AS based time synchronization mechanism, and Simu5G provides the 5G user plane carrying IP PDUs. We modified the 802.1AS-based synchronization model of INET so that it works over UDP/IP. With that, it is possible to synchronize TSN slaves (connected to 5G UEs), across a 5G network, with a TSN master clock, present within a TSN network, that is connected to the 5G core network. Our simulation results show that 500 microseconds of synchronization accuracy can be achieved with the corrected asymmetric propagation delay of uplink and downlink between the gNodeB (gNB) and the User Equipment (UE). Furthermore, the synchronization accuracy can be improved if the delay difference between uplink and downlink is known.
The aim of the study was to examine different pH parameters, such as variations throughout the day, depending on differing concentrate feed proportions. Moreover, special attention was payed to individual variation in microbial efficiencies (microbial crude protein/fermented organic matter) and their relation to ruminal pH, nutrient flows and digestibilities. For this, cows were grouped according to microbial efficiency (more, n = 5, vs. less efficient cows, n = 4). After calving, thirteen ruminally cannulated pluriparous cows, including nine duodenally cannulated animals, were divided into groups offered rations with a lower (35% on dry matter basis, n = 7) or a higher (60% on dry matter basis, n = 6) concentrate feed proportion. Ruminal pH parameters were assessed continuously by using intraruminal probes. Nutrient flows, nutrient digestibility and microbial efficiency were determined for duodenally cannulated cows. For most ruminal pH parameters it seemed that individual variability was higher than the treatment effect. However, a positive relationship between actual concentrate intake and diurnal pH fluctuations was found. Besides, the effect of individually different microbial efficiencies was assessed. Again, there were no group differences for pH parameters. However, nutrient flows were significantly higher in more efficient cows, whereas digestibilities were lower in in more efficient cows.
Duckweed is a promising resource for future feed and food production as well as wastewater treatment. However, diseases and pests can critically limit the performance of the production systems. Patches of discolored and bleached duckweed (Lemna minor L.) appeared in hydroponic systems and spread rapidly through the crop. Pythium myriotylum was confirmed as the causing pathogen by microbiological and molecular biological analysis. This is the first report of P. myriotylum on duckweed in Germany. The result and possible countermeasures are discussed.
The development of non-precious metal-based electrodes that actively and stably support the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in water electrolysis systems remains a challenge, especially at low pH levels. The recently published study has conclusively shown that the addition of haematite to H2 SO4 is a highly effective method of significantly reducing oxygen evolution overpotential and extending anode life. The far superior result is achieved by concentrating oxygen evolution centres on the oxide particles rather than on the electrode. However, unsatisfactory Faradaic efficiencies of the OER and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) parts as well as the required high haematite load impede applicability and upscaling of this process. Here it is shown that the same performance is achieved with three times less metal oxide powder if NiO/H2 SO4 suspensions are used along with stainless steel anodes. The reason for the enormous improvement in OER performance by adding NiO to the electrolyte is the weakening of the intramolecular O─H bond in the water molecules, which is under the direct influence of the nickel oxide suspended in the electrolyte. The manipulation of bonds in water molecules to increase the tendency of the water to split is a ground-breaking development, as shown in this first example.
The development of base metal electrodes that can act as active and stable oxygen generating electrodes in water electrolysis systems, especially at low pH levels, remains a challenge. The use of suspensions as electrolytes for water splitting has until recently been limited to photoelectrocatalytic approaches. A high current density (j=30 mA/cm2) for water electrolysis has been achieved at a very low oxygen evolution reaction (OER) potential (E=1.36 V vs. RHE) using a SnO2/H2SO4 suspension-based electrolyte in combination with a steel anode. More importantly, the high charge-to-oxygen conversion rate (Faraday efficiency of 88% for OER at j=10 mA/cm2 current density). Since cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments show that oxygen evolution starts at a low, but not exceptionally low, potential, the reason for the low potential in chronoamperometry (CP) tests is an increase in the active electrode area, which has been confirmed by various experiments. For the first time, the addition of a relatively small amount of solids to a clear electrolyte has been shown to significantly reduce the overpotential of the OER in water electrolysis down to the 100 mV region, resulting in a remarkable reduction in anode wear while maintaining a high current density.
Complete diets for laying hens are usually offered in meal form. This form initially promotes the laying hens’ natural feed intake behavior and allows them to satisfy their pecking behavior. At the same time, it can also cause difficulties, because it consists of different particles and is not a homogeneous unit. A homogeneous mixture is essential to ensure that each laying hen in the flock can meet its nutritional needs. If feed exhibits a wide particle size distribution, this can promote feed segregation during transport and selective feed intake behavior of laying hens. These two processes sometimes lead to significant differences between the composition of the feed produced and the composition of the feed that is finally ingested by the laying hens. Multi-stage sampling can be used to investigate progressing differences in feed composition. In this study, samples of different complete diets for laying hens (n = 76) were collected from ten organic farms in Germany to examine their particle size distributions (dry sieve analysis). Samples were taken at four different locations (V1 = loading, V2 = silo, V3 = at the beginning of the feed chain, V4 = at the end of the feed chain) in each farm. There was a tendency for V1 and V2 to be characterized by high proportions of particles between 1400 and 3150 µm (V1 = 61.2%, V2 = 43.5%). V3 and V4 consisted mainly of particles of size 500–800 µm and 200–400 µm, respectively. The lowest proportions across all variants were in the range above 3150 µm (V1 = 2.20%, V2 = 1.30%, V3 = 1.00%, V4 = 0.400%) and between 400 and 500 µm (V1 = 2.50%, V2 = 4.50%, V3 = 5.70%, V4 = 6.60%). The mean value comparison of the proportions of sieve mesh sizes from 200 to 1000 µm resulted in: V1 < V2 < V3 < V4; and of sieve mesh sizes between 1400 and 2000 µm in: V1 > V2 > V3 > V4. This observation can be explained by segregation of the feed during transport and a selective feeding behavior of the laying hens. However, trends were discontinuous and varied between the farms. Deviations from the guideline values were found in particular for particle sizes in the range of 1000 to 1400 µm.
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) formed via hepatic hydroxylation from vitamin D, cholecalciferol, represents the precursor of the biologically active vitamin D hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Due to a higher absorption rate and the omission of one hydroxylation, dietary supplementation of 25-OHD3 instead of vitamin D3 is considered to be more efficient as plasma concentrations of 25-OHD3 are increased more pronounced. The present review summarises studies investigating potential beneficial effects on mineral homeostasis, bone metabolism, health status and performance in sows, piglets and fattening pigs. Results are inconsistent. While most studies could not demonstrate any or only a slight impact of partial or total replacement of vitamin D3 by 25-OHD3, some experiments indicated that 25-OHD3 might alter physiological processes when animals are challenged, for example, by a restricted mineral supply.
To investigate the influence of two dietary sources of vitamin D on the vitamin D status, bone metabolism, welfare and birth progress of gestating and lactating sows, forty-nine multiparous sows were randomly assigned to one of two diets: “CON” (n = 25; 50 μg vitamin D3/kg feed) and “HYD” (n = 24; 50 μg 25-hydroxycholecalciferol/kg feed). The basal diets were protein- and phosphorus-reduced. The trial started on day 3 ante insemination of the sows and ended with weaning of the piglets on day 28 postpartum. Dietary supplementation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol resulted in improved maternal vitamin D status (p < 0.001), fewer gait changes (p < 0.01) and longer standing time after feeding (day 5 ante partum; p < 0.05) compared to vitamin D3. However, the bone markers CrossLaps and osteocalcin were not affected. Overall, the present results suggest that sows fed 25-hydroxycholecalciferol instead of vitamin D3 showed improved locomotion and stance strength. However, this outcome is probably not related to altered bone metabolism. The underlying mechanisms must be investigated in further studies.
Duckweeds can be potentially used in human and animal nutrition, biotechnology or wastewater treatment. To cultivate large quantities of a defined product quality, a standardized production process is needed. A small-scale, re-circulating indoor vertical farm (IVF) with artificial lighting and a nutrient control and dosing system was used for this purpose. The influence of different light intensities (50, 100 and 150 µmol m−2 s−1) and spectral distributions (red/blue ratios: 70/30, 50/50 and 30/70%) on relative growth rate (RGR), crude protein content (CPC), relative protein yield (RPY) and chlorophyll a of the duckweed species Lemna minor and Wolffiella hyalina were investigated. Increasing light intensity increased RGR (by 67% and 76%) and RPY (by 50% and 89%) and decreased chlorophyll a (by 27% and 32%) for L. minor and W. hyalina, respectively. The spectral distributions had no significant impact on any investigated parameter. Wolffiella hyalina achieved higher values in all investigated parameters compared to L. minor. This investigation proved the successful cultivation of duckweed in a small-scale, re-circulating IVF with artificial lighting.
In order to produce protein-rich duckweed for human and animal consumption, a stable cultivation process, including an optimal nutrient supply for each species, must be implemented. Modified nutrient media, based on the N-medium for duckweed cultivation, were tested on the relative growth rate (RGR) and crude protein content (CPC) of Lemna minor and Wolffiella hyalina, as well as the decrease of nitrate-N and ammonium-N in the media. Five different nitrate-N to ammonium-N molar ratios were diluted to 10% and 50% of the original N-medium concentration. The media mainly consisted of agricultural fertilizers. A ratio of 75% nitrate-N and 25% ammonium-N, with a dilution of 50%, yielded the best results for both species. Based on the dry weight (DW), L. minor achieved a RGR of 0.23 ± 0.009 d−1 and a CPC of 37.8 ± 0.42%, while W. hyalina’s maximum RGR was 0.22 ± 0.017 d−1, with a CPC of 43.9 ± 0.34%. The relative protein yield per week and m2 was highest at this ratio and dilution, as well as the ammonium-N decrease in the corresponding medium. These results could be implemented in duckweed research and applications if a high protein content or protein yield is the aim.
Duckweeds are fast-growing and nutritious plants, which are gaining increased attention in different fields of application. Especially for animal nutrition, alternative protein sources are needed to substitute soybean meal. The current bottleneck is the standardized production of biomass, which yields stable quantities of a defined product quality. To solve this problem, an indoor vertical farm (IVF) for duckweed biomass production was developed. It consists of nine vertically stacked basins with a total production area of 25.5 m2. The nutrient solution, a modified N-medium, re-circulated within the IVF with a maximum flow rate of 10 L min−1. Nutrients were automatically added based on electrical conductivity. In contrast, ammonium was continuously supplied. A water temperature of 23 °C and a light intensity of 105 μmol m−2 s−1 with a photoperiod of 12:12 h were applied. During a 40-day production phase, a total of 35.6 kg of fresh duckweed biomass (equals 2.1 kg of dried product) was harvested from the IVF. On average, 0.9 kg day−1 of fresh biomass was produced. The dried product contained 32% crude protein (CP) and high levels of proteinogenic amino acids (e.g. lysine: 5.42 g, threonine: 3.85 g and leucine: 7.59 g/100 g CP). Biomass of this quality could be used as a protein feed alternative to soybean meal. The described IVF represents a modular model system for duckweed biomass production in a controlled environment and further innovations and upscaling processes.
In a protein reduction feeding trial (Study 1) on a commercial broiler farm in northern Germany, it was attempted to be shown that research results from station tests on protein reduction can be transferred to agricultural practice. In a second study, the limits of the N reduction were tested in a research facility. In Study 1, commercial standard feeds were fed to the control group (variant 1:210,000 animals; n = 5 barns). In the test group (variant 2:210,000 animals; n = 5 barns), the weighted mean crude protein (CP) content was moderately reduced by 0.3%. The nitrogen reduction in the feed did not affect performance (feed intake (FA), daily gain (DG), feed conversion (FCR)), but nitrogen conversion rate increased from approx. 61% to approx. 63%. The solid litter weight was reduced by 12% and nitrogen excretion by 9% (p < 0.05). Significantly healthier footpads were due to lower water intake (−4%; p < 0.05) and a numerically drier bedding. In Study 2, responses of treatments (1250 broiler per variant; n = 5) showed that sharper N-lowering (−1.5% CP; weighted average) did not impair performance either, but N-conversion improved and N-excretions decreased significantly. Converted to a protein reduction of one percentage point, the N excretions were able to be reduced by 22% in Study 1 and 18% in Study 2. Feeding trials in the commercial sector, such as the present Study 1, should convince feed mills and farmers to allow the latest scientific results to be used directly and comprehensively in commercial ration design.
A project was initiated to apply dietary CP reduction under commercial conditions. The main objective was to demonstrate and validate that dietary CP can be reduced without compromising broiler performance in a production system which is already rather efficient. In addition, we wanted to demonstrate the potential of dietary CP reduction on reducing N-excretions especially in the context of German revised regulations and monitoring attempts. Finally, as previous research suggested, few further aspects such as impact of dietary CP reduction on litter quality and quantity, footpad health, change of ingredient inclusion levels and related impact on sustainability impact factors were evaluated.
The nutritional footprint – An assessment tool for health and environmental effects of nutrition
(2014)
Aufgrund seiner starken Umweltauswirkungen gilt der Lebensmittelsektor durch Effekte in Produktion, Verarbeitung, Konsum und Entsorgung gemeinhin als ein wichtiges Handlungsfeld, soll eine gesellschaftliche Transformation in Richtung Nachhaltigkeit weiter vorangetrieben werden. Da Ernährungsgewohnheiten sowohl ökologische Auswirkungen induzieren als auch gesundheitliche Folgen für die Verbraucher haben, sind Konzepte gefragt, die ökologische mit gesundheitlichen Indikatoren kombinieren; diese sind jedoch bislang rar. Das vorgestellte Instrument des Nutritional Footprint greift diese Problemstellung auf und verbindet in einem innovativen Konzept jeweils vier Kernindikatoren beider Dimensionen. Mithilfe des Konzepts erhalten Verbraucher einen Überblick zu Umwelt- und Gesundheitswirkungen ihrer Ernährung. Unternehmen können wiederum interne Datensätze verwalten, Benchmarking betreiben und ihre externe Kommunikationsleistung erweitern.
Der Lebensmittel- und Landwirtschaftssektor wird in den nächsten Jahrzehnten vor zahlreichen Herausforderungen stehen, die sich aus den sich verändernden globalen Produktions- und Verbrauchsmustern ergeben, die derzeit mit einem hohen Ressourcenverbrauch einhergehen und ökologische und sozioökonomische Auswirkungen haben. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, die praktische Anwendbarkeit der Hot-Spot-Analyse-Methode im Kontext des Lieferkettenmanagements in Unternehmen zu veranschaulichen und zu bewerten.
Die HSA ist eine Methode zur Identifizierung sozialer und ökologischer Probleme entlang des gesamten Lebenszyklus eines Produkts. Besonderes Augenmerk wird auf eine maßgeschneiderte Umsetzung in der Wertschöpfungskette Rindfleisch von McDonald's Deutschland gelegt. Die HSA der Wertschöpfungskette Rindfleisch von McDonald's zeigt, dass die größten ökologischen Probleme in der Phase der Rohstoffgewinnung auftreten, während die größten sozialen Probleme in der Phase der Schlachtung identifiziert werden können. Abschließend zeigt der Beitrag Potenziale und Defizite einer solchen maßgeschneiderten Anwendung und wie die Ergebnisse im Nachhaltigkeitsmanagement eines Unternehmens umgesetzt werden können. in das Nachhaltigkeitsmanagement eines Unternehmens implementiert werden können.
In einer konsumorientierten Kultur ein Leben der Suffizienz zu führen, ist vielleicht eines der ehrgeizigsten Experimente, die ein Mensch unternehmen kann. Um diese Herausforderung zu untersuchen, haben wir einen sozial-praktischen Ansatz gewählt. Dieser Artikel basiert auf 42 qualitativen Interviews, in denen die Befragten gefragt wurden, warum und wie sie sich in einer westlichen Infrastruktur und Kultur suffizient verhalten. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Suffizienz-orientierte Menschen bei ihren ressourcenintensiven Handlungen auf bestimmte Bedeutungen in der Alltagspraxis zurückgreifen. Diese Bedeutungen umfassen eine Mischung aus umweltfreundlichen Einstellungen, positiven sozialen Absichten und/oder persönlichen Verpflichtungen zur Sparsamkeit. Darüber hinaus haben wir eine Reihe spezifischer Praktiken identifiziert, darunter Teilen, Recycling und Wiederverwendung, die für einen ressourcenschonenden Lebensstil nützlich sind. Für unsere Befragten sind viele dieser Suffizienz-Praktiken regelmäßig im täglichen Leben anzutreffen und wurden nur selten hinterfragt. Anhand einer zusätzlichen Umfrage zeigen wir, dass diese Routinen zu einem weniger ressourcenintensiven Lebensstil führen und wie es einer kleinen Gruppe von Menschen gelungen ist, sich Suffizienzpraktiken anzugewöhnen. Die Mehrheit sieht jedoch keine Notwendigkeit für eine häufigere Umsetzung solcher Routinen, da die täglichen Entscheidungsprozesse weitgehend auf den Konsum von Produkten ausgerichtet sind.
Vor dem Hintergrund der Umweltprobleme, die sich aus dem zunehmenden Abbau natürlicher Ressourcen und der Erschöpfung der Ressourcen ergeben, ist die Verwirklichung einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung eine unverzichtbare Herausforderung des 21. Jahrhunderts.
In diesem Artikel wollen wir zeigen, wie soziotechnische und produktbezogene Dienstleistungsinnovationen soziale Praktiken - das routinemäßige Tun im Alltag - verändern und damit den Wandel soziotechnischer Systeme unterstützen können. Wir stellen theoretische Überlegungen dazu vor, wie Theorien sozialer Praktiken und der Rahmen der Mehrebenenperspektive in der Transformationsforschung miteinander verbunden werden können, um Transformationsprozesse aus einer Mikro-Makro-Verbindungsperspektive besser zu verstehen. Anhand von Fallbeispielen aus dem Bereich der Bade-, Heiz- und Ernährungspraktiken wird aufgezeigt, wie sich diese in den letzten Jahrzehnten verändert haben. Darauf aufbauend werden Beispiele für Konzepte zur nachhaltigen Produkt-Dienstleistungs-Gestaltung in diesen Bereichen als Hebel zur Veränderung sozialer Praktiken im Alltag vorgestellt. Diese wurden in Forschungsprojekten bzw. in Seminararbeiten von Designstudenten entwickelt. Wir argumentieren, dass dies bedeutet, dass nachhaltige Produkt-Service-Systeme in einem nutzer- und akteursintegrierten Rahmen entwickelt werden sollten, wie z.B. in Sustainable LivingLabs. Die Einbindung von Nutzern und anderen Akteuren in partizipative Co-Creation-Prozesse ermöglicht maßgeschneiderte Lösungen, die tatsächliche Routinen und Abhängigkeiten ernsthaft berücksichtigen.
What Leads to Lunch-How Social Practices Impact (Non-)Sustainable Food Consumption/Eating Habits
(2017)
Der Bereich der Ernährung wird in den kommenden Jahrzehnten mit zahlreichen Herausforderungen konfrontiert sein, die sich aus den globalen Konsummustern ergeben und zu einem hohen Ressourcenverbrauch führen. Die Akteure des Gaststättengewerbes sehen sich bei der Förderung ihrer Lösungen für eine nachhaltigere Situation in ihrem Bereich mit Schwierigkeiten konfrontiert, unter anderem mit der mangelnden Akzeptanz der Verbraucher. Wir müssen uns die Frage stellen, wie wir das Verbraucherverhalten beeinflussen und einen Übergang zu einem nachhaltigeren Lebensmittelkonsum herbeiführen können. In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Bewertung von Ernährungsgewohnheiten vorgestellt. Eine Gruppe von zehn Verbrauchern nahm an problemzentrierten Interviews teil und machte Angaben zu ihrem Essverhalten im Laufe von zwei Wochen. Mit Hilfe des theoretischen Ansatzes der Praxistheorie wurden die in dieser Studie gesammelten Daten verwendet, um ein Verständnis der Praxis des Auswärtsessens zu entwickeln, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf den täglichen Routinen lag, die die Wahl der Verbraucher beeinflussen.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Praxis des Auswärtsessens in hohem Maße von externen Faktoren abhängt. Vielbeschäftigte Lebensstile, Mobilitätsroutinen und ein wahrgenommener Zeitmangel führen zu der Entscheidung, auswärts zu essen. Die Verbraucher tun dies bewusst, um Zeit und Mühe zu sparen und ihren Zeitplan zu straffen. Mobilität scheint ein wichtiger Grund für das Auswärtsessen zu sein. Die Teilnehmer versuchen, die Möglichkeiten, auswärts zu essen, einzuschränken, kehren aber häufig spontan zwischen zwei Terminen zum Essen ein. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Ernährungswissen und eine nachhaltige Denkweise wenig Einfluss auf die Essensentscheidungen außerhalb des Hauses haben: Die Teilnehmer zeigen ein hohes Maß an Misstrauen gegenüber Qualitätsansprüchen und stellen ihre gesundheitlichen Bedenken beim Essen außer Haus zurück. Daraus lässt sich schließen, dass das Auswärtsessen stark von den täglichen Routinen und den Praktiken, die ihm vorausgehen oder folgen, beeinflusst wird. Veränderungen der Arbeits- und Mobilitätsmuster werden sich höchstwahrscheinlich auf die Art und Weise auswirken, wie die Verbraucher außer Haus essen.
Die Ernährung ist für etwa 30 % des weltweiten Verbrauchs an natürlichen Ressourcen verantwortlich. Um die negativen Auswirkungen des Ernährungssektors auf die Umwelt und die Gesellschaft zu begrenzen, ist der Verbrauch und die Verarbeitung von Lebensmitteln mit vermeintlich geringen negativen Auswirkungen ein wichtiges Thema bei den Bemühungen um eine nachhaltige Entwicklung. In den Großküchen sind klar definierte Indikatoren zur Bewertung der Auswirkungen von Geschäftsaktivitäten erforderlich, um dieses Ziel zu erreichen. Die Forschungs- und Entwicklungsarbeiten im Rahmen des NAHGAST-Projekts liefern Grundlagen, die bei diesen Bemühungen eine wichtige Hilfe sein können. Es wurden zwei Versionen eines Bewertungsinstruments mit Indikatoren unterschiedlicher Komplexität (NAHGAST Meal-Basic und NAHGAST Meal-Pro) entwickelt, die von Küchenfachleuten verwendet werden können, um die Nachhaltigkeitsleistung ihrer Produkte - der angebotenen Mahlzeit - zu bestimmen. Eine sachkundige Auswahl von Indikatoren und eine Diskussion darüber, auf welche Prozesse und Auswirkungen sich dieser Indikator im weiteren Kontext bezieht, sind von wesentlicher Bedeutung und werden in diesem Papier erörtert. Darüber hinaus wurden bei der Auswahl der Indikatoren für den Zweck unserer Forschung bestimmte Kriterien gleichzeitig berücksichtigt: (1) Kommunizierbarkeit - Welche Informationen ein Indikator vermitteln kann und wie verständlich diese Informationen für verschiedene Akteure sind; (2) Machbarkeit und Datenverfügbarkeit: Gibt es genügend Daten für einen Indikator und ist es für die Unternehmen realistisch, diesen Indikator in ihre tägliche Arbeitspraxis zu integrieren? (3) Wissenschaftliche Relevanz: Ist der Indikator für die Nachhaltigkeitsbemühungen in größerem Maßstab und für entsprechende Diskussionen in der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft relevant? Die Erkenntnisse aus diesen Überlegungen sind wertvoll für zukünftige Entwicklungen in der Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung in der Außer-Haus-Gastronomie. Das Instrument wurde zur Bewertung einer Reihe von Gerichten verwendet und die Ergebnisse werden als aussagekräftig erachtet. Allerdings dürfen Bewertungen jedoch nicht als genaue Messung, sondern nur als Annäherung an die Nachhaltigkeit von Speisen verstanden werden. Auf der Ebene der einzelnen Indikatoren ermöglichen sie eine detaillierte Analyse und gezielte Optimierung von Rezepten, während die aggregierten Ergebnisse in Form von Etiketten gut an die Kunden kommuniziert werden können. Defizite und Herausforderungen, wie sie in der Anwendungsphase des Projekts festgestellt wurden, zeigen jedoch Forschungslücken im weiteren Kontext auf. Abschließend werden weitere Schritte für eine Integration des Tools in Unternehmensprozesse und verbleibende Anpassungsmöglichkeiten für Unternehmen diskutiert.
Reduzierung im Außer-Haus-Verzehr zu erleichtern, analysiert unsere Studie die Auswirkungen von zwei gängigen Interventionsstrategien zur Reduzierung von Speiseresten in einem ganzheitlichen Verhaltensmodell. Auf der Grundlage eines quasi-experimentellen Baseline-Interventions-Designs haben wir in einem Strukturgleichungsmodell untersucht, wie sich das Aushängen von Informationspostern und die Reduzierung von Portionsgrößen auf persönliche, soziale und umweltbezogene Faktoren auswirken. Anhand von Daten aus Online-Befragungen und Beobachtungen von 880 Gästen (503 Baseline, 377 Intervention) während zwei Wochen in einer Universitätsmensa erlaubt das vorgeschlagene Modell, die Effekte der beiden Interventionen auf die Tellerreste spezifischen Veränderungen von Verhaltensdeterminanten zuzuordnen. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass die Verringerung der Portionsgröße bei den Zielgerichten mit einer geringeren Menge an Tellerabfällen zusammenhängt, die auf bewusster Wahrnehmung, die sich in einer geringeren Bewertung der Portionsgröße ausdrückt. Die Auswirkungen des Sehens von Informationsplakaten auf veränderten persönlichen Einstellungen, subjektiven Normen und wahrgenommener Verhaltenskontrolle beruhen. Je nachdem, wie eine Person auf die Information reagiert (indem sie sich nur bemüht, alle Speisen aufzuessen, oder indem sie sich bemüht und zusätzlich ein anderes Gericht in der Kantine wählt), ergeben sich jedoch entgegengesetzte Auswirkungen auf diese Determinanten und folglich auch auf die Tellerreste. Insgesamt sprechen die differenzierten Ergebnisse zu den Interventionseffekten dafür, dass ganzheitlichere und tiefer gehende Analysen von Interventionen zur Reduktion von Essensresten und damit zu einem nachhaltigeren Lebensmittelkonsum in der Außer-Haus-Verpflegung beitragen können.
Duckweed is gaining attention in animal nutrition and is considered as a potential alternative protein source for broiler chickens. In order to evaluate the nutritional value of duckweed, three individual batches were investigated. They consisted of a mixture of Lemna minuta and Lemna minor (A, 17.5% crude protein), Spirodela polyrhiza (B, 24.6% crude protein) and Lemna obscura (C, 37.0% crude protein). Treatment diets contained 50% batch A, 50% batch B, and 25, 50 and 75% of batch C. All diets were fed to broiler chickens (Ross 308) from an age of 21 to 27 days. Diets with a share of 50 and 75% of batch C led to decreased feed intake (109.3 and 74.9 g/day, respectively) compared to the control. Standardized ileal digestibility of crude protein and amino acids differed significantly between duckweed batches, at values for methionine between 49.9 and 90.4%. For all amino acids, batch A consistently had the lowest and batch C the highest digestibility. Batches had different tannin contents of 2943, 2890 and 303 mg/kg for batches A, B and C, respectively. The apparent ileal digestibility of phosphorus differed significantly between all batches (50.8–78.9%). Duckweed can be used as a protein feed for broiler chickens. However, a defined and stable biomass composition optimized for the requirements of broiler chickens is needed.