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Aims and Objectives:
Preventive home visits are a low-threshold counselling and support approach. They have been reported to achieve heterogeneous effects. However, preventive home visits have the potential to reduce the risk of becoming dependent on long-term care. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of preventive home visits as a nursing intervention on health-related quality of life of older people in a longitudinal survey and to develop recommendations for which target groups preventive home visits have the highest benefit. The sample consisted of 75 people, aged between 65 and 85, who were able to understand and speak German, had not yet been eligible for benefits from the long-term care insurance and lived in the municipality under study.
Methodological Design and Justification:
A quantitative longitudinal study in order to investigate the effects of preventive home visits.
Ethical Issues and Approval:
There were no ethical concerns. Accordingly, ethical approval was granted.
Research Methods, Results and Conclusions:
The health-related quality of life was recorded four times between 01/2017 and 08/2020 with the Short-Form- Health- Survey- 12 and analysed using descriptive statistics. Results reveal that the physical health status cannot be easily influenced over a short period of time. The main effect, however, is that preventive home visits have a significant positive effect on the mental health status. The main topics during the home visits were mobility, nutrition and social participation. Increased knowledge and motivation for preventive behaviour extended the autonomy of older people. Accordingly, preventive home visits can support a self-determined life in a familiar environment. The results of the present study show that preventive home visits as a nursing intervention in rural areas are successful. In Germany, preventive home visits have not yet been implemented on a regular basis. In order to do so, a general definition of the concept is needed. Preventive home visits should be officially included in the regular health care services in Germany.
In this essential, Josef Gochermann provides a compendium of the essential elements of technology management and answers ten important questions on how to identify new technologies, properly evaluate relevant technologies, recognize opportunities and risks in time, and position yourself for technological success. He shows how to use technologies beneficially, make relevant technologies available at the right time, recognize the end of a technology's performance in time, and plan the use of technologies strategically and for the future.
The energy transition can be mapped on four levels. While industry and the state should act on the national and international level, most of the energy transition is taking place at the regional and municipal levels. Here the small-scale and decentralized nature of the new energy world is reflected, where customized individual solutions are created.
After hesitating until the mid-2010s, German industry has now embraced the energy transition and moved to a driver. The pioneers of change are the major energy companies, followed large parts of industry which have initiated radical changes. Even the energy-intensive industries steel and chemistry are phasing out fossil fuels.
A systematic study was performed to understand the effects of the devulcanizing agent dibenzamido diphenyl disulfide (DBD) on the vulcanization and devulcanization process of a sulfur-cured ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber. The influence of DBD on vulcanization was investigated by mixing DBD with virgin rubber and curative system. The devulcanization of rubber waste was achieved with varying amounts of DBD ranging from 0.4 to 13.8 wt% and temperatures from 150 to 200°C. The quality of vulcanizates and devulcanizates was evaluated by rheometer tests, temperature scanning stress relaxation measurements, and analysis of mechanical properties. During vulcanization, DBD acts as an accelerator in the presence of sulfur. When accelerators are added, the scorch time increases, and the cure rate decreases. Thus, DBD acts as a retarder. In the presence of activators, DBD leads to a significant reduction of crosslink density. This results in composites with high elongation at break and poor compression set values. The efficiency of the devulcanization of rubber waste depends strongly on DBD concentration and temperature. The monosulfidic crosslinks are cleaved by low concentrations of DBD, while polysulfidic crosslinks require higher concentrations. These results show that DBD is effective as a devulcanizing agent and degrades the network below 200°C.
The current study presents a new class of functional derivatives (1–3) consisting of a dicationic viologen (4,4’-bipyridinium unit) (V21) capped by nucleobases thymine (NB1), adenine (NB2), thymine/adenine (NB1, NB2), and ion-paired with amphiphilic anion 3,4,5-tris(dodecyloxy)benzene sulfonate (DOBS-). The target of our work focuses on the design and synthesis of molecular building blocks in which three different functionalities are combined: chromophore (V21 unit), molecular recognition (NB unit), and thermotropic liquid crystal (DOBS unit). The resulted materials exhibit liquid crystalline properties at ambient temperature with significant particularities-induced by nucleobases in the mesogen structure. Structure–properties relationship study focuses on providing knowledge about (1) how the thermotropic, redox properties, thermochromism, or ionic conductive properties are influenced by the presence of purinic or pyrimidinic nucleobases, and (2) how effective is their ability to selfassembly by hydrogen bonding in nonpolar solvents. The presence of nucleobases has been proved to have a substantial impact on electron transfer rate during the reduction of viologen moieties by intermolecular aggregation. Ionic conductivity and thermochromic properties of derivatives 1–3 were investigated and compared to a non-containing nucleobase analog methyl viologen with 3,4,5 tris(dodecyloxy)benzene sulfonate anion (MV) as reference.
Container-based lightweight buildings offer a high ecologic and economic potential when they are designed as nearly zero-energy container buildings (NZECBs). Thus, they are relevant to energy transition in achieving an almost climate-neutral building stock. This paper describes and applies design strategies for suitable building concepts and energy systems to be used in NZECBs for different climates. Therefore, different applications in representative climatic zones were selected. Initially, the global climate zones were characterized and analyzed with regard to their potential for self-sufficiency and renewable energies in buildings. The design strategies were further developed and demonstrated for three cases: a single-family house in Sweden, a multi-family house in Germany, and a small school building in rural Ethiopia. For each case, design guidelines were derived and building concepts were developed. On the basis of these input data, various energy concepts were developed in which solar and wind energy, as well as biomass, were integrated as renewable energy sources. All the concepts were simulated and analyzed with the Polysun® software. The various approaches were compared and evaluated, particularly with regard to energy self-sufficiency. Self-sufficiency rates up to 80% were achieved. Finally, the influence of different climate zones on the energy efficiency of the single-family house was studied as well as the influence of the size of battery storage and insulation.
A suspension of PMMA spheres in a density matched saccharose solution is investigated with a classical Searle rheometer and a NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectrometer. Here the NMR is used to measure the radial distribution of the PMMA spheres in the rotating cell, in addition to the local velocity profile of the suspension. The influence of particle concentration on the wall depletion is studied. Further analysis are carried out with computational fluid dynamics software. The velocity field as well as the solid distribution in the couette flow is simulated with a two-phase model including the Darcy law and compared to the experimental data.
Various overoxidized poly(1H-pyrrole) (PPy), poly(N-methylpyrrole) (PMePy) or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) membranes incorporated into an acrylate-based solid polymer electrolyte matrix (SPE) were directly electrosynthesized by a two-step in situ procedure. The aim was to extend and improve fundamental properties of pure SPE materials. The polymer matrix is based on the cross-linking of glycerol propoxylate (1PO/OH) triacrylate (GPTA) with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) as a conducting salt. A self-standing and flexible polymer electrolyte film is formed during the UV-induced photopolymerization of the acrylate precursors, followed by an electrochemical polymerization of the conducting polymers to form a 3D-IPN. The electrical conductivity of the conducting polymer is destroyed by electrochemical overoxidation in order to convert the conducting polymer into an ion-exchange membrane by introduction of electron-rich groups onto polymer units. The resulting polymer films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The results of this study show that the combination of a polyacrylate-matrix with ion selective properties of overoxidized CPs leads to new 3D materials with higher ionic conductivity than SPEs and separator or selective ion-exchange membrane properties with good stability by facile fabrication.
Semi-solid metal alloys, as used in industrial thixoforming, have a special microstructure of globular grains suspended in a liquid metal matrix. The complex rheological properties are strongly influenced by the local solid fraction, particle shape, particle size and state of agglomeration. It was analysed how the microstructure develops in dependence of the shear rate and cooling rate during the solidification and it was observed that the average particle size increased with increasing shear rate and decreasing cooling rate. In order to account for those phenomena, the rate of crystal growth and the relationship between average particle diameter and viscosity was modelled by applying the Sherwood two-film model for the mass transport. The dependence of the viscosity from the particle size were modelled with a modified Krieger–Dougherty model. Based on the rheological and microstructural observations an evaluation method was elaborated that allows for the construction of objective master curves that are independent of the particle growth during the experimentation. The isothermal experiments for the characterisation of the rheological behaviour consisted of step-change of shear-rate and yield-stress experiments. From the experimental data the steady-state flow curves could be determined as well as the time-dependent relaxation of the shear stress after a change of shear rate. The steady-state rheological behaviour was found to be shear thinning. Nevertheless, immediately after a shear-rate change an overshoot was observed that resulted from a short-time shear-thickening behaviour. The yield stress was found to strongly depend on the microstructure and the degree of agglomeration of the solid phase. With increasing rest time the yield stress was increasing strongly, because of the agglomeration of the solid particles. Based on the step-change of shear-rate experiments a single-phase flow has been developed that consists of a modified Herschel–Bulkley approach and accounts for the thixotropic as well as for the yield-stress behaviour of the alloys.