Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (1103) (remove)
Language
- German (887)
- English (213)
- Portuguese (2)
- Dutch (1)
Has Fulltext
- no (1103) (remove)
Keywords
- Nachhaltigkeit (5)
- Neurodynamik (4)
- Physiotherapie (4)
- Ecological restoration (3)
- Hay transfer (3)
- Manuelle Therapie (3)
- Monitoring (3)
- nachhaltige Entwicklung (3)
- Acceptance (2)
- Arbeitgeberattraktivität (2)
Institute
- Fakultät WiSo (833)
- Fakultät AuL (126)
- Institut für Management und Technik (66)
- Institut für Duale Studiengänge (50)
- Institut für Kommunikationsmanagement (14)
- Fakultät IuI (8)
- Institut für Theaterpädagogik (4)
- Fakultät MKT (3)
While the topic of artificial intelligence (AI) in multinational enterprises has been receiving attention for some time, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have recently begun to recognize the potential of this new technology. However, the focus of previous research and AI applications has therefore mostly been on large enterprises. This poses a particular issue, as the vastly different starting conditions of various company sizes, such as data availability, play a central role in the context of AI. For this reason, our systematic literature review, based on the PRISMA protocol, consolidates the state of the art of AI with an explicit focus on SMEs and highlights the perceived challenges regarding implementation in this company size. This allowed us to identify various business activities that have been scarcely considered. Simultaneously, it led to the discovery of a total of 27 different challenges perceived by SMEs in the adoption of AI. This enables SMEs to apply the identified challenges to their own AI projects in advance, preventing the oversight of any potential obstacles or risks. The lack of knowledge, costs, and inadequate infrastructure are perceived as the most common barriers to implementation, addressing social, economic, and technological aspects in particular. This illustrates the need for a wide range of support for SMEs regarding an AI introduction, which covers various subject areas, like funding and advice, and differentiates between company sizes.
While recent studies have demonstrated that events are fundamentally climate sensitive, this seems to not be fully considered in event research or corporate event practice. Thus, this study aims to identify the influencing factors that affect the acceptance of climate adaptation measures among decision-makers in the event industry. The analysis was divided into three main parts. First, the existing literature related to climate change in an events context was reviewed. Using 15 semi structured interviews, the findings from this review were then critically discussed with stakeholders in Germany involved in event planning. Finally, explicit climate adaptation measures were proposed and discussed. Based on all findings, there appears to be a low level of awareness of and interest in climate adaptation amongst German event industry players. There is an imminent need for further research on climate adaptation and for decision-makers to better prepare for climate change in order to counteract resulting negative impacts.
Die Maschine ist in der Lage faserverstärkte thermoplastische Kunststoffrohre herzustellen. Entwickelt und konstruiert wurde die Maschine als Open Source Hardware Projekt. Das bedeutet die Baupläne und Zeichnungen werden frei zur Verfügung gestellt. Heimwerker und andere Interessierte sollen dadurch die Möglichkeit bekommen faserverstärkte Rohre eigenständig und günstig herzustellen. Die Entwicklung und Konstruktion der Wickelmaschine ist das Ergebnis einer Masterarbeit an der Hochschule Osnabrück.
Körperhaltung und Muskelspannung beeinflussen den Klang der Stimme. Aber gibt es auch einen Zusammenhang zwischen der motorischen Kontrolle der Nacken-, Gesichts- und Kieferregion und der Stimme? Die Pilotstudie mit 12 Sängerinnen ging dieser Frage nach und zeigt: Es ist sinnvoll, die motorische Kontrolle zu testen, wenn Patient*innen mit Stimmproblemen zur Physiotherapie kommen.
Recording of Low-Oxygen Stress Response Using Chlorophyll Fluorescence Kinetics in Apple Fruit
(2023)
Long-term storage of apples (Malus x domestica, Borkh.) is increasingly taking place under Dynamic Controlled Atmosphere (DCA). The oxygen level is lowered to ≤ 1 kPa O2 and the apples are stored just above the Lower Oxygen Limit (LOL). Low oxygen stress during controlled atmosphere storage can lead to fermentation in apples if oxygen levels are too low. Chlorophyll fluorescence can be used to detect low-oxygen stress at an early stage during storage. The currently available non-imaging fluorescence systems often use the minimal fluorescence (Fo) parameter. In contrast, the use of chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics is insufficiently described. Therefore, this study aimed to gain more knowledge about the response of chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics to low oxygen stress in apples using a fluorescence imaging system. The results show that the kinetic fluorescence curves differ under aerobic and fermentation conditions. The fermentative conditions initiated a decrease in fluorescence intensity upon application of the saturation pulses during exposure to actinic light. This result was made at 18 °C and 2 °C ambient temperatures. Interestingly, the kinetic curve changed at 2 °C before fermentation products accumulated in the apples. Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) decreased under fermentation conditions in the dark phase after relaxation. Upon entering the dark relaxation phase after Kautsky induction, ɸPSII began to increase. Under atmospheric oxygen conditions, ɸPSII reached values of 0.81 to 0.76, while under fermentation, ɸPSII values ranged from 0.57 to 0.44.
Hyperhydricity (HH) is one of the most important physiological disorders that negatively affects various plant tissue culture techniques. The objective of this study was to characterize optical features to allow an automated detection of HH. For this purpose, HH was induced in two plant species, apple and Arabidopsis thaliana, and the severity was quantified based on visual scoring and determination of apoplastic liquid volume. The comparison between the HH score and the apoplastic liquid volume revealed a significant correlation, but different response dynamics. Corresponding leaf reflectance spectra were collected and different approaches of spectral analyses were evaluated for their ability to identify HH-specific wavelengths. Statistical analysis of raw spectra showed significantly lower reflection of hyperhydric leaves in the VIS, NIR and SWIR region. Application of the continuum removal hull method to raw spectra identified HH-specific absorption features over time and major absorption peaks at 980 nm, 1150 nm, 1400 nm, 1520 nm, 1780 nm and 1930 nm for the various conducted experiments. Machine learning (ML) model spot checking specified the support vector machine to be most suited for classification of hyperhydric explants, with a test accuracy of 85% outperforming traditional classification via vegetation index with 63% test accuracy and the other ML models tested. Investigations on the predictor importance revealed 1950 nm, 1445 nm in SWIR region and 415 nm in the VIS region to be most important for classification. The validity of the developed spectral classifier was tested on an available hyperspectral image acquisition in the SWIR-region.
Background
The current development of sensor technologies towards ever more cost-effective and powerful systems is steadily increasing the application of low-cost sensors in different horticultural sectors. In plant in vitro culture, as a fundamental technique for plant breeding and plant propagation, the majority of evaluation methods to describe the performance of these cultures are based on destructive approaches, limiting data to unique endpoint measurements. Therefore, a non-destructive phenotyping system capable of automated, continuous and objective quantification of in vitro plant traits is desirable.
Results
An automated low-cost multi-sensor system acquiring phenotypic data of plant in vitro cultures was developed and evaluated. Unique hardware and software components were selected to construct a xyz-scanning system with an adequate accuracy for consistent data acquisition. Relevant plant growth predictors, such as projected area of explants and average canopy height were determined employing multi-sensory imaging and various developmental processes could be monitored and documented. The validation of the RGB image segmentation pipeline using a random forest classifier revealed very strong correlation with manual pixel annotation. Depth imaging by a laser distance sensor of plant in vitro cultures enabled the description of the dynamic behavior of the average canopy height, the maximum plant height, but also the culture media height and volume. Projected plant area in depth data by RANSAC (random sample consensus) segmentation approach well matched the projected plant area by RGB image processing pipeline. In addition, a successful proof of concept for in situ spectral fluorescence monitoring was achieved and challenges of thermal imaging were documented. Potential use cases for the digital quantification of key performance parameters in research and commercial application are discussed.
Conclusion
The technical realization of “Phenomenon” allows phenotyping of plant in vitro cultures under highly challenging conditions and enables multi-sensory monitoring through closed vessels, ensuring the aseptic status of the cultures. Automated sensor application in plant tissue culture promises great potential for a non-destructive growth analysis enhancing commercial propagation as well as enabling research with novel digital parameters recorded over time.
Klimabäume scheinen in der Mitte der Gesellschaft angekommen zu sein. Zahlreiche Empfehlungen finden sich in Onlinemedien und stellen die fünf oder zehn besten Baumarten vor. Dabei gibt es Schnittmengen. Interessanterweise enthält das Sortiment weitgehend bekannte und auch heute schon verwendete Arten. Es steht eine breite Palette an zukunftsfähigen Klimabäumen zur Verfügung, die teilweise noch gar nicht beachtet werden. In zwei Teilen sollen bekannte und weniger bekannte Klimabäume bezüglich ihrer Verwendbarkeit im urbanen Raum, ihrer Herkunft und ihres Ausbreitungspotenzials diskutiert werden.
Semi-natural grasslands (SNGs) are an essential part of European cultural landscapes. They are an important habitat for many animal and plant species and offer a variety of ecological functions. Diverse plant communities have evolved over time depending on environmental and management factors in grasslands. These different plant communities offer multiple ecosystem services and also have an effect on the forage value of fodder for domestic livestock. However, with increasing intensification in agriculture and the loss of SNGs, the biodiversity of grasslands continues to decline. In this paper, we present a method to spatially classify plant communities in grasslands in order to identify and map plant communities and weed species that occur in a semi-natural meadow. For this, high-resolution multispectral remote sensing data were captured by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in regular intervals and classified by a convolutional neural network (CNN). As the study area, a heterogeneous semi-natural hay meadow with first- and second-growth vegetation was chosen. Botanical relevés of fixed plots were used as ground truth and independent test data. Accuracies up to 88% on these independent test data were achieved, showing the great potential of the usage of CNNs for plant community mapping in high-resolution UAV data for ecological and agricultural applications.
Dynamic Controlled Atmosphere-Chlorophyll Fluorescence storage (DCA-CF) uses a fluorescence-based measurement method to detect fermentation in apples (Malus × domestica BORKH.) caused by low-oxygen levels at an early stage. In recent years, it has been observed that individual apples of the same variety and origin can exhibit different fermentation behavior when stored under completely identical conditions. The causes of the different fermentation behavior must be found in order to be able to use DCA storage optimally. This study aimed to find the causes of the different fermentation behaviors of individual apples. Our results show that fruit ripeness can affect the lower oxygen limit (LOL), especially immediately after harvest, when the starch degradation in the fruit is not yet complete. A significant increase in the LOL was observed in ‘Elstar’ (2020: 0.3 kPa, 0.6 kPa, 0.9 kPa; 2021: 0.3 kPa, 0.4 kPa, 0.6 kPa). ‘Braeburn’ also exhibited this behavior regarding the LOL at a lower level. The LOL could not be identified for some of the fruit (varying from 12.5% to 41.7% of the examined apples) previously stored in Ultra Low Oxygen (ULO) storage for 4 months. Also, the chlorophyll content in the apple skin influences the fluorescence measurement method. Within 2 weeks, the chlorophyll content in the apple skin was halved. If the chlorophyll content drops, the reliability of the fluorescence measurement also decreases. It turned out that apples with an Fv/Fm < 0.7 were unsuitable for valid LOL identification.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to distinguish different types of sustainable digital entrepreneurs (SDEs) and explore their approaches toward enhancing organizational resilience.
Design/methodology/approach
Investigation of entrepreneur characteristics using Grounded Theory methodology; 12 semi-structured telephone interviews with (owner-)managers of digital-resilient small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and start-ups in Germany; adaptation of a sustainability-digitalization-matrix for initial clustering; investigation of reoccurring patterns (within and between clusters) through variable-oriented content analysis; application of the capability-based conceptualization of organizational resilience for synthesis and extension.
Findings
First, the authors present a new typology of SDEs, including descriptions of the four main types (Process-Oriented System Thinker, Unconventional Strategist, Dynamic Visionary and Success-Oriented Opportunist). Second, the authors propose a conceptual framework with six success factors of organizational resilience. The framework accentuates the influence of SDEs on organizational culture and the macro-environment.
Practical implications
Digital sustainability and resilience are emerging management principles. The insights gained will allow (future) entrepreneurs to perform a self-assessment and replicate approaches toward enhancing SME resilience; for example, governing the co-creation of an organizational culture with a strong integrative view on sustainability and digitalization.
Originality/value
SMEs are characterized by high vulnerability and a reactive response to the disruptions caused by sustainability crises and digitalization. Blending sustainable and digital entrepreneurship at a micro-level, the authors identified the success factors underpinning organizational resilience that are associated with the characteristics of four types of SDEs.
In recent years, the issue of land consumption or land use has become increasingly important in many areas of our society. Logistics processes in particular take up a lot of space and have a significant impact on the environment. The question is how this use of land can be optimised. Based on a systematic literature review and interviews with experts in the period between May 2021 and July 2021, this paper presents indicators that constitute or influence space-efficient logistics in the context of cooperation. The results show that in addition to the established cooperation characteristics, there are other indicators that are directly related to land use. In the logistics sector, there is strong competitive pressure and, as a result, little trust between companies. It has been shown that with the help of a neutral moderator, the gap between trusting, land-efficient cooperation and one’s own entrepreneurial interests can be narrowed, and cooperation can be profitable for all participants. In addition, digitisation actually does not seem to be sufficient to meet the information needs of a cooperation. The exchange of information not only serves to automate processes, but also makes cooperation more transparent. It shows that legal and municipal requirements need to be developed. It also becomes clear that the indicators have a mutual influence on each other and cannot be considered in isolation when it comes to the actual implementation of a cooperation. By increasing the efficiency of cooperative processes and value creation, it offers the opportunity to make land use more sustainable.
In the race against climate change, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a fundamental role. To clarify the contribution of corporate culture to SMEs' emission reduction, three perspectives can be useful: corporate culture as driver and barrier, current and planned corporate culture development actions, and the corporate culture profile as an outcome. As the first application of the extended Belief-Action-Outcome framework, this single case study exemplifies the role of corporate culture in an SME from the steel construction and manufacturing sector in Germany. The investigated SME has achieved emission reduction while increasing its revenue and is an early adopter of sustainable and digital development. The rich insights from an employee survey, semi-structured interviews, observation, and document analysis allowed us to outline an informed approach toward corporate culture development that emphasizes vision development of the desired corporate culture and the role of information systems for promoting emission reduction.
In view of the rapid depletion of natural resources and the associated overloading of the biological ecosystem, the concept of circular business models (CBMs) is increasingly discussed in the literature as well as in business practice. CBMs have the potential to significantly reduce the demand for natural resources. Despite their increasing relevance, the diffusion of CBMs in business practice is largely unexplored. Consequently, this article investigates the extent to which CBMs have already been adopted by large German companies. To answer this question, the annual and sustainability reports of the members of the DAX40 are analyzed for the presence of five specific types of CBMs. Data was gathered for the years 2015 and 2020 in order to describe the development over time. The results show an increasing prevalence of CBMs in the DAX companies. In addition, it is noticeable that CBM types that serve to close material cycles are implemented more frequently than those that decelerate material cycles. In particular Sharing Platforms and Product as a Service stand out due to comparatively low adoption. Potential reasons for these findings are discussed and managerial as well as policy implications suggested.
Die Verknappung der Ressource Fläche sowie der Umgang mit genutzten Flächen haben dazu beigetragen, dass in Deutschland zukünftig Landdegradationen verhindert werden sollen. Insbesondere die Logistikbranche trägt aufgrund ihres hohen Flächenverbrauchs zu dieser Entwicklung bei. Welche zukünftigen Möglichkeiten und Risiken der Land und Bodennutzung bestehen für den Logistiksektor?
Weide für Trockensteher?
(2023)
Fütterung auf dem Prüfstand
(2023)
Leftovers lovers vs. haters: A latent class analysis on dinner leftover management behaviours
(2023)
Die Studie untersucht die Heterogenität im Umgang mit Speiseresten in Haushalten, insbesondere unter Verwendung von Mahlzeitensets mit angepassten Portions- und Zutatengrößen. Durch eine latenten Klassenanalyse werden Verbrauchersegmente identifiziert, wobei die positive Einstellung zu Essensresten und bewusster Umgang damit untersucht werden. Die Studie analysiert auch die Auswirkungen von Emotionen, persönlichen Normen, Intentionen und Essensbeschaffungsroutinen auf die Zugehörigkeit zu einem Resteverwertungssegment. Daten von 868 Haushalten aus sechs Ländern zeigen fünf Verbrauchersegmente mit Unterschieden in der Menge der Essensreste. Mahlzeitensets haben heterogene Auswirkungen, indem sie in einigen Segmenten die Menge der Essensreste verringern, in anderen jedoch nicht. Die Ergebnisse bieten neue Erkenntnisse über die Vielfalt im Umgang mit Speiseresten und liefern Implikationen für Theorie und Politik zur Reduzierung von Lebensmittelverschwendung im Haushalt.
The present study aims to compare the effects of maternal and offspring treatment with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) and vitamin D3 on vitamin D status, mineral homoeostasis, bone metabolism and locomotion in the offspring. Either vitamin D3 (50 μg/kg diet) or 25-OHD3 (50 μg/kg diet) was supplemented to the gestation and lactation diets of 49 multiparous sows and/or to the diets of their growing offspring. Treatment of the sows did not affect plasma concentrations of 25-OHD3 of the offspring. Pigs fed 25-OHD3 had higher plasma concentrations of 25-OHD3 than pigs that received vitamin D3 during rearing and fattening. However, neither plasma concentrations of calcium, phosphate and bone markers during the observation period nor bone ash and bone mineral density at slaughter were clearly affected by the treatment. Maternal and offspring treatment with 25-OHD3 instead of vitamin D3 resulted in a slight reduction in the prevalence of leg swelling. In addition, more pigs walked with even steps and normal stride length. Further studies are needed to test whether the slight effects observed in the present experiment are reproducible and of relevance for animal health and welfare. In that case, the underlying mechanisms should be revealed in order to take advantage of potentially beneficial influences especially under certain feeding regimes.
Lahmheiten bilden bei Sauen und wachsenden Schweinen ein ernstzunehmendes Gesundheits- und Tierwohlproblem. Die Studie zeigte, dass der diätetische Einsatz von 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol im Austausch zum Vitamin D3 zu einer Reduktion von Bewegungsproblemen bei Sauen und wachsenden Schweinen geführt hat.
Vitamin D für starke Beine
(2023)
Das Unternehmen "100 Worte Sprachanalyse" hat 2021 den "HR Startup Award" erhalten, der federführend vom Bundesverband der Personalmanager (BPM) verliehen wird. Überzeugt hat 100 Worte "mit dem Versprechen, den unbewussten Gender-Bias in Stellenanzeigen zu reduzieren und unterschiedliche Grundmotive von Bewerbergruppen zu erfassen", so die Initiatoren. Doch es bestehen berechtigte Zweifel daran, dass die Software dieses Versprechen einlösen kann.
Obwohl sich die Anforderungen im Sport und dem Musizieren ähneln, ist die Musikerphysiotherapie längst nicht so entwickelt wie die Sportphysiotherapie. Dabei lassen sich die sogenannten „Performance-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders“ erfolgreich mit Manueller Therapie oder Physiotherapie, z. B. mit Hilfe einer Bewegungsanalyse, therapieren. Prof. Dr. med. Christoff Zalpour gibt einen Überblick über das Feld der Musikerphysiotherapie, deren Potenzial noch lange nicht vollends erschlossen ist.
Die Anforderungen an zukünftige Teilnehmende eines Arbeitsmarktes verändern sich. Das von Frithjof Bergmann begründete Prinzip der Neuen Arbeit (Bergmann, 2004) ist aktuell Gegenstand zahlreicher Diskussionen und Debatten über aktuelle und zukünftige Arbeitswelten. Die sich daraus ergebenden Kompetenzanforderungen passen mit der Lehre in Hochschulen wenig zusammen. Zunehmend werden agile Lernszenarien diskutiert.
Das Inverted Classroom Modell (ICM) erfreut sich seit einigen Jahren großer Beliebtheit in der Hochschullehre. Aus Studierendensicht ist die Teilnahme an einer ICM-Veranstaltung aber eine Herausforderung. Für ein erfolgreiches Lernen sind insbesondere personale Kompetenzen wie Selbstmotivation, Durchhaltevermögen und Selbstregulationskompetenz erforderlich (Pöpel & Morisse, 2019). Um diesem Umstand entgegenzuwirken, wurde vom Autor ICM mit Ideen aus Scrum für eine Informatik-Lehrveranstaltung kombiniert (siehe auch (Morisse & Heidemann, 2021)). Die Wirkung von Scrum kann sich nur entfalten, wenn die Arbeit in einzelne Sprints aufgeteilt wird und bei der Bearbeitung der Sprints auch die eigene Zusammenarbeit im Rahmen einer Retrospektive kritisch reflektiert wird. Zu diesem Zweck wird der gesamte Inhalt der Lehrveranstaltung in eine Anzahl von thematischen Blöcken aufgeteilt, die als Lehr- und Lerninhalte für die Lern-Sprints der Scrum-Umsetzung werden. Für jeden Themenblock müssen die theoretischen Inhalte erarbeitet sowie eine eigenständige Zusammenfassung formuliert werden. Ergänzend dazu wurde ein Software-Produkt definiert, in dessen Rahmen die theoretischen Inhalte einfließen konnten.
Die Durchführung eines Reviews und einer Retrospektive schließen bei Scrum einen Sprint ab. Genau dies lässt sich auch im Hochschulkontext sehr gut als Feedback-Instrument durchführen. Das Review bestand in der Inspektion der entwickelten Software. Mit der Retrospektive wird die eigene Zusammenarbeit im Team kritisch reflektiert. Ein besonderes Augenmerk verdient der kommunikative Stil zwischen Lehrenden und Studierenden. Bei einem Veranstaltungskonzept, welches getragen wird von Interaktion und Diskussion, kommt einer empathischen und wertschätzenden Kommunikation eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Das dies in der vorgestellten Veranstaltung scheinbar gelungen ist, zeigt das Zitat eines der teilnehmenden Studierenden „Ich freue mich immer auf die Review-Termine“. Zur Erinnerung: Das Review ist der Termin zur Vorstellung des erreichten Ergebnisses, also eher ein Prüfungs-Setting, bei dem Studierende ihre Arbeit präsentieren. Weitere positive Resonanzmerkmale durch die Studierenden waren die hoffnungsvollen Fragen, ob denn die Veranstaltungen im kommenden Semester auch nach ICMScrum organisiert sind.
Farmland bird populations are in a deep crisis across Europe. Agri-environment schemes (AES) were implemented by the European Union to stop and reverse the general decline of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. In Germany, flower strips are one of the most common AES. Establishing high-quality perennial wildflower strips (WFS) with species-rich native forb mixtures from regional seed propagation is a recent approach, for which the effectiveness for birds has not yet been sufficiently studied. We surveyed breeding birds and vegetation on 40 arable fields with WFS (20 with single and 20 with aggregated WFS) and 20 arable fields lacking WFS as controls across Saxony-Anhalt (Germany). Additionally, vegetation composition, WFS quantity and landscape structure (e.g. distance to nearest woody element) were considered in our analyses. All WFS were established with species-rich native seed mixtures (30 forbs) in agricultural practice as AES. Arable fields with WFS had a higher species richness and territory density of birds than controls, confirming the effectiveness of this AES. A forb-rich vegetation was the main driver promoting birds. Flower strip quantity at the landscape level had positive effects only on bird densities, but also single WFS achieved benefits. A short distance from WFS to woody elements increased total bird species richness. However, the density of farmland birds, which are target species of these AES, were negatively affected by the proximity and proportion of woody elements in the vicinity. The effect of the proportion of non-intensively used open habitats and overall habitat richness was unexpectedly low in the otherwise intensively farmed landscape. Species-rich perennial WFS significantly promoted breeding birds. Successful establishment of WFS, resulting in high-quality habitats, a high flower strip quantity as well as implementation in open landscapes were shown to maximise the effectiveness for restoring declining and AES target farmland birds.
Background
Spinach is a nitrogen (N) demanding crop with a weekly N uptake of up to 60 kg ha–1. Consequently, a high N supply is required, which can temporarily lead to high quantities of nitrate (NO3–) being at risk of leaching.
Aims
The objective of this study was to develop a N fertilization approach to reduce the risk of NO3– leaching in field-grown spinach production without adversely affecting crop yield and quality at an early and late harvest stage.
Methods
Ten fertilization trials were conducted to compare different base fertilization rates and splits of top dressings. For top dressings, granulated fertilizers or foliar sprays were used. In a further treatment, N supply was reduced by withholding the second top dressing of 50–70 kg ha−1.
Results
Nitrate concentration at risk of leaching was considerably reduced by decreasing the base fertilizer rate as well as by splitting the top dressing. However, at an early harvest stage, total aboveground dry mass was reduced by, on average, 6% by these measures across all seasons. In contrast, at a later harvest stage, spinach was less affected by the fertilizer schedule. Urea foliar sprays proved to be insufficient in promoting plant growth and caused leaf necrosis. A reduced N supply led to impaired plant growth and yellowish leaves in both spring and winter.
Conclusions
Base N fertilization of spinach is only required in spring, but not in other seasons. Despite slight yield reduction, the top dressing should be split to reduce the risk of NO3− leaching after an early harvest.
In open-field vegetable production, high quantities of soil mineral nitrogen (Nmin) and N-rich crop residues often remain in the field at harvest. After the harvest of crops in autumn, this N can lead to considerable nitrate (NO3−) losses during the subsequent winter leaching period. In four field trials, different tillage depths (3–4, 10, 30 cm) and dates (early autumn, late autumn, early spring) were investigated to reduce N losses after growing spinach in the autumn. In a further treatment, the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) was directly applied to the crop residues. Potential N losses were calculated by a balance sheet approach based on Nmin concentration (0–90 cm), measured N mineralization and N uptake by catch crops. By postponing the tillage date from early to late autumn or spring, resprouting spinach stubbles acted as a catch crop, reducing N losses by up to 61 kg ha−1. However, if the spinach biomass collapsed, the N losses increased by up to 33 kg ha−1 even without tillage. The application of DMPP as well as the tillage depth were less effective. Overall, postponing tillage to spring seems to be the most promising approach for reducing N losses during the off-season.
Der vorliegende Beitrag fokussiert die Bedeutung Nachhaltigkeitsorientierter Unternehmenskultur für den Einsatz von künstlicher Intelligenz im Marketing. Spezifischer skizzieren wir die Einflussmöglichkeiten auf den Einsatz nachhaltiger künstlicher Intelligenz zur Förderung des Sustainable Development Goals 12 (Nachhaltige/r Produktion & Konsum). In einem diskursiven Ansatz führt dieser Beitrag Erkenntnisse aus der Literatur zur nachhaltigkeitsorientierten Unternehmenskultur, nachhaltigen künstlicher Intelligenz und dem Nachhaltigkeitsmarketing zusammen und bildet diese mithilfe des St. Galler Managementmodells ab.