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Institute
Semi-solid metal alloys, as used in thixoforming, have a special microstructure of globular grains suspended in a liquid metal matrix. The complex rheological properties are strongly influenced by the local solid fraction, particle shape, particle size and state of agglomeration. There is a high demand for models and software tools allowing the simulation of semi-solid casting processes. The material under investigation is a tin-lead alloy (Sn-15%Pb) which exhibits a similar microstructure to aluminium alloys. The experiments were performed with a concentric cylinder rheometer of the Searle type. Initially, the liquid alloy is cooled down to the semi-solid range under constant shearing and then kept under isothermal conditions for further experimentation. Based on the experimental data, a single-phase model has been derived where the semi-solid alloy is regarded as a homogeneous material with thixotropic properties and the microstructure is characterised by a structural parameter. The model consists of two parts: the equation of state, including a finite yield stress, and a rate equation for the structural parameter. The model equations are employed in numerical software and used for the simulation of characteristic filling cases and the comparison with the conventional filling.
Investigation of the use of ceramic materials in innovative light water reactor – fuel rod concepts
(2001)
Semi-solid metal alloys, as used in thixoforming, have a special microstructure of globular grains suspended in a liquid metal matrix. The material under investigation is a tin–lead alloy (Sn–15% Pb) which exhibits a similar microstructure as aluminum alloys. The experiments were performed with concentric cylinder rheometers. Initially, the liquid alloy is cooled down to the semi-solid range under constant shearing and then kept under isothermal conditions for further experimentation. The microstructure is characterized in dependence of the shearing time. The rheological techniques consisted of step change of shear rate and shear stress ramp experiments for different solid fractions (40–50%). Based on the experimental data a single phase model has been derived, where the semi-solid alloy is regarded as a homogeneous material with thixotropic properties and the microstructure is characterized by a structural parameter. The model consists of two parts: the equation of state, including a finite yield stress, and a rate equation for the structural parameter. The model equations are employed into numerical software and used for the simulation of a characteristic thixocasting process. The results are compared to real experiments.
Marketing – für viele Entwicklungsingenieure, die sich ausschließlich für technische
Lösungen verantwortlich fühlen, ist das ein Fremdwort: Zwischen der technischen
Entwicklung und der Vermarktung eines Produktes kommt es in deutschen Unternehmen
deshalb häufig zu starken Brüchen. Um ein Produkt erfolgreich zu vermarkten,
muss der Kundennutzen in den Mittelpunkt der Produktion rücken und an den Anfang
eines Entwicklungsprozesses gestellt werden. Die Entwicklungsingenieure sollten im
Marketing daher also entgegen aller Gewohnheiten eine zentrale Rolle einnehmen.
"Unsere Produkte sind technisch einfach Spitze. Wir haben Top- Ingenieure, die ihr Handwerk wirklich verstehen." Wer kennt das nicht? In Entwicklungs- und Konstruktionsabteilungen deutscher Unternehmer wird ein hohes Lied auf die Technik gesungen. Technologisch sind wir Spitze - aber wird das auch immer vom Kunden honoriert?
Variable Vergütung in Banken
(2003)
Data warehouse systems have become a basic technological infrastructure in management decision making. Nevertheless, the overall utility of data warehouses remains unmeasured in most practical cases. As a consequence of this, IT-managers do not possess appropriate means to evaluate warehouse benefits in order to decide about investments in warehousing technology. This paper develops a controlling instrument for data warehouse systems based on the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) approach. On the basis of the technological aspects of data warehouse systems, the BSC perspectives are developed and populated with relevant objectives and measures for datawarehouse success. These perspectives are integrated into a consistent data warehouse scorecard. Finally, this instrument provides a holistic approach to drive the performance of data warehouse systems.
Building on Hofstede's finding that individualism and social hierarchy are incompatible at the societal level, the authors examined the relationship between individualism-collectivism and orientations toward authority at the individual level. In Study 1, authoritarianism was related to three measures of collectivism but unrelated to three measures of individualism in a U.S. sample (N = 382). Study 2 used Triandis's horizontal-vertical individualism-collectivism framework in samples from Bulgaria, Japan, New Zealand, Germany, Poland, Canada, and the United States (total N = 1,018). Both at the individual level and the societal level of analysis, authoritarianism was correlated with vertical individualism and vertical collectivism but unrelated to horizontal collectivism. Horizontal individualism was unrelated to authoritarianism except in post-Communist societies whose recent history presumably made salient the incompatibility between state authority and self-determination.
Semi-solid metal alloys, as used in industrial thixoforming, have a special microstructure of globular grains suspended in a liquid metal matrix. The complex rheological properties are strongly influenced by the local solid fraction, particle shape, particle size and state of agglomeration. It was analysed how the microstructure develops in dependence of the shear rate and cooling rate during the solidification and it was observed that the average particle size increased with increasing shear rate and decreasing cooling rate. In order to account for those phenomena, the rate of crystal growth and the relationship between average particle diameter and viscosity was modelled by applying the Sherwood two-film model for the mass transport. The dependence of the viscosity from the particle size were modelled with a modified Krieger–Dougherty model. Based on the rheological and microstructural observations an evaluation method was elaborated that allows for the construction of objective master curves that are independent of the particle growth during the experimentation. The isothermal experiments for the characterisation of the rheological behaviour consisted of step-change of shear-rate and yield-stress experiments. From the experimental data the steady-state flow curves could be determined as well as the time-dependent relaxation of the shear stress after a change of shear rate. The steady-state rheological behaviour was found to be shear thinning. Nevertheless, immediately after a shear-rate change an overshoot was observed that resulted from a short-time shear-thickening behaviour. The yield stress was found to strongly depend on the microstructure and the degree of agglomeration of the solid phase. With increasing rest time the yield stress was increasing strongly, because of the agglomeration of the solid particles. Based on the step-change of shear-rate experiments a single-phase flow has been developed that consists of a modified Herschel–Bulkley approach and accounts for the thixotropic as well as for the yield-stress behaviour of the alloys.
Dienstleistungslogistik
(2004)
Every modern institution involved in higher education needs a Learning Management System (LMS) to handle learning and teaching processes. It is necessary to offer e.g. electronic lecture materials to the students for download via the internet. In some educational contexts, it is also necessary to offer internet tutorials to be able to give the students more personal support and accompany them through the whole lecture period. Many organisations have introduced commercial LMS and gained the experience that monolithic solutions do not fulfil the dynamic requirements of complex educational institutions and are very cost-intensive. Therefore, many universities face the decision to stick to their commercial LMS or to switch to a potentially more cost-effective and flexible solution, for instance by adopting available Open Source LMS. Since we have made profound experience in developing and operating an Open Source LMS, this contribution enlightens the main characteristics of this alternative. This paper describes a use case dealing with a full product lifecycle (development, deployment, use and evaluation) of an Open Source LMS at the University of Muenster (Germany). It identifies relevant instruments and aspects of system design which software architects in practical application domains should pay attention to.
Companies and R&D institutions increasingly collaborate not only in isolated projects but also in knowledge-based networks. In those networks, participants combine expertise and applied problems to generate both ‘problem-solving knowledge’ and specialized knowledge: during the process of common problem-solving each partner acquires some of the specialized knowledge of the other partners as well as the newly generated problem-solving knowledge. This article examines the basic principles involved and provides a simple mathematical description of the step-by-step accumulation of knowledge through the solving of applied problems in a knowledge-based network. The rate of increase of the total amount of available knowledge in the network is derived and implications for the orientation of R&D institutes and companies are set out.
Zur Erstellung einer Normwertkurve der mütterlichen Gewichtszunahme während der Schwangerschaft wurden die Daten von 1 763 063 Frauen im Zeitraum von 1995 bis 1997 analysiert. Bei einer Spannbreite der Gewichtsveränderung von - 2 kg bis + 24 kg zeigte sich eine durchschnittliche Gewichtszunahme von 13 kg. Mit diesen Ergebnissen konnten somit erstmals Perzentilkurven der mütterlichen Gewichtszunahme für Deutschland erstellt werden.
Ziel: Ausgehend von der wachsenden Bedeutung der Krankenkassen als Anspruchsgruppe („Stakeholder”) des Krankenhauses steht die Frage nach den Anforderungen und dem Nutzen eines kassenorientierten Krankenhausmanagements im Mittelpunkt dieses Artikels. Methode: Die methodische Herangehensweise nimmt die Perspektive des Stakeholders Krankenkassen zum Ausgangspunkt: Mit 14 leitenden MitarbeiterInnen verschiedener gesetzlicher Krankenversicherungen wurden offene Leitfadeninterviews geführt und in Anlehnung an die von Mayring ausgearbeitete Technik der „zusammenfassenden Inhaltsanalyse” ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Nach Einschätzung der befragten Kassenakteure bestehen im Rahmen des hoch regulierten Verhältnisses zwischen Krankenkasse und Krankenhaus Spielräume für eine aktive Gestaltung der Austauschbeziehungen. Es werden fünf Anforderungsbereiche - Leistungserbringung, Leistungsentwicklung, Fallführung, Umgang mit strittigen Fällen/Prüfungen und Budgetverhandlungen - unterschieden, welche für die Anspruchsgruppe Krankenkassen von grundlegender Bedeutung sind. Auf der Basis des Interviewmaterials werden für jeden dieser Bereiche zentrale Anforderungsdimensionen identifiziert. Der unternehmerische Nutzen, den ein Krankenhaus durch die Berücksichtigung von Kassenanforderungen erzielen kann, wird von der Mehrzahl der InterviewpartnerInnen positiv beurteilt. Konkrete Nutzenaspekte werden vorgestellt. Schlussfolgerungen: Der Artikel stellt kassenspezifische Anforderungen vor und zeigt Handlungsansätze für das Krankenhausmanagement auf. Das einzelne Krankenhaus ist gefordert, den Nutzen einer kassennahen Gestaltung der Austauschbeziehungen vor dem Hintergrund unternehmensspezifischer Strategien und Ziele abzuwägen.
Die Ausgaben der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherungen steigen, die Einnahmen sinken. Gleichzeitig werden die Rufe nach mehr Effizienz, Qualität und Kundenzufriedenheit lauter. Insgesamt ist zu beobachten, dass sich eine Ablösung der Philosophie der Daseinsfürsorge durch die Konzeption des Marktes vollzieht. Die Einführung des DRG-Systems wird diesen Prozess noch beschleunigen. Der 1. Teil dieses Beitrags befasst sich mit den Ursachen und Auswirkungen der derzeitigen Veränderungen im Gesundheitssektor.
Die Ausgaben der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherungen steigen, die Einnahmen sinken. Gleichzeitig werden die Rufe nach mehr Effizienz, Qualität und Kundenzufriedenheit lauter. Insgesamt ist zu beobachten, dass sich eine Ablösung der Philosophie der Daseinsfürsorge durch die Konzeption des Marktes vollzieht. Wirtschaftsexperten empfehlen den Ausbau der Integrierten Versorgung als einen Weg, um die Probleme des Gesundheitssystems zu lösen. Diese basiert auf dem in den USA eingeführten Ansatz des Managed Care mit seinen medizinischen Elementen Case Management, Disease Management und dem so genannten Gatekeeper.
TÜV-Plaketten für Arztpraxen
(2005)
Die Macht der Marke
(2005)
Model Driven Architecture (MDA): Integration and Model Reuse for Open Source eLearning Platforms
(2005)
Mit dem Urteil vom 12.08.2004 hat der BFH in einem Altfall entschieden, dass die Unterlassung der nach Einkommensteuerrecht vorgeschriebenen gesonderten Aufzeichnungen von Bewirtungsaufwendungen umsatzsteuerlich keine Besteuerung als Eigenverbrauch rechtfertigt. Zugleich bleibt der Vorsteuerabzug in dieser Situation grundsätzlich erhalten. Der BFH bezieht sich in der Urteilsbegründung insbesondere auf das nach Art. 17 der 6. EG-Richtlinie bestehende Recht aus vollständigen Vorsteuerabzug.
Im Rahmen der kontrovers geführten öffentlichen und fachlichen Diskussion über den Wunschkaiserschnitt wird ein Paradigmenwechsel in der Geburtshilfe beschrieben, der weit reichende Konsequenzen zu haben scheint.
Unter diesem Aspekt wurde untersucht, wie viele Erstgebärende den Wunsch nach einem Kaiserschnitt bzw. einer Spontangeburt äußern, welche subjektiven Gründe sie dafür angeben und welchen Geburtsmodus sie tatsächlich erleben.
Häufig berechnen Komplementär-GmbH den KG, an denen sie ohne Einlage beteiligt sind, den Auslagenersatz für die Geschäftsführung oder für Vertretungsleistungen. Hierbei stellt sich die Frage, ob für diese Leistungen USt zu berechnen ist. Mit Urteil vom 6.6.2002 hatte der BFH seine bisherige Rechtsprechung aufgegeben und entschieden, dass diese Leistungen umsatzsteuerbar sind. Nachfolgender Praxisbeitrag fasst die Auswirkungen auf die GmbH & Co. KG als häufigsten Anwendungsfall zusammen.
Die demokratische Gesellschaft ist als eine Kommunikationsgemeinschaft gleichberechtigter und mündiger Menschen angelegt. Das spiegelt sich gleichermaßen in der Verfassung wie in den Institutionen unseres Staates wider. Der Ausgleich der Interessen soll als offener und fairer Streit erfolgen. Das notwendige Wissen und damit die Urteilskraft, um die Argumente in diesem Streit bewerten zu können, beziehen wir vor allem aus den Massenmedien. Sie haben die Aufgabe, eine öffentlich zugängliche Sprache für eine hochkomplexe Welt und die darin auftretenden Probleme und Konflikte zu finden. Zugleich dienen sie den politisch Herrschenden als Plattform ihrer Legitimation und damit zur Loyalitätsbeschaffung.