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Wie sieht die Essensversorgung von Senioren in der Zukunft aus? : Zukunftsstudie Menüservice 2025
(2016)
Osnabrück’s so called “Green Fingers” – eleven landscape corridors reaching from the inner city into the region – structure the regional metropolis’ urban pattern. They supply the city centre with fresh air, serve as recreational destinations for the city’s inhabitants and provide space for close to the city agriculture and forestry. First defined in 1926, the Green Fingers have since been part of various planning documents and programs. However, these open spaces have been diminished bit by bit over time. The city’s growing need for land to build on had its impact just like the development of major traffic routes. On the one hand a lively debate has emerged: the Green Finger’s qualities, their ecological, aesthetical and cultural significance become increasingly important. Yet on the other hand decision makers still tend to put greenfield building activity first. A lot of efforts in striving for inner development are undermined by the ever growing demand for space. The urban sprawl continues, although various kinds of sanctuaries have been added to the urban and landscape planners’ equipment. The growing urban framework with its semidetached and single family houses does not come to a halt.
Functional foods are still of increasing interest among the scientific community. Based on the extensive literature about functional foods, four main research areas can be identified: functional food innovation (1); the scientific background of the health benefits of functional foods (2); the regulation of functional foods (3); and consumer acceptance of functional foods (4). These research areas are not detached from each other, and each presents a consumer perspective. Although multifaceted studies focus on consumer acceptance of functional foods, literature regarding a structured framework of the determinants of functional food acceptance is limited. The aim of this review is to provide the reader with an overview of the recent literature on consumer attitudes towards functional foods and with an extensive structured framework of the determinants of functional food acceptance and their intertwined relationships. The scientific literature discusses a plethora of determinants of consumer acceptance of functional foods. These determinants can be categorized into consumer and market attributes, which show interwoven relationships with each other. On the one hand, consumer attributes are widely discussed in the literature, while on the other hand structured analyses of the market perspective are inadequately represented. Additionally, the ongoing development of new scientific findings regarding health benefits of different functional ingredients leads to a large amount of new functional food products in the market. Consequently, the research area of functional foods and in particular consumer acceptance of functional food innovation will remain an important research field in the coming years.
Convergence processes are based on the activity of distinct industry sectors showing cross-industry collaborations. The aim of this paper is to analyze cross-industry collaborations between the food and pharmaceutical sectors in the convergence area of functional foods. Selected companies from food (Nestlé/Danone) and pharmaceutical (Martek/Bayer HealthCare) sectors are analyzed using the determinants of motivation and industrial scope. The analysis shows that food companies are more active in cross-industry collaborations than pharmaceutical companies. The latter are more active at the front-end of the value chain focusing on research and development, and delivering their ingredients to food companies that due to their higher expertise in consumer marketing launch the products. While the first cross-industry collaborations were based on an exploration motivation, those that follow focus on exploitation. Acquisitions and licensing agreements are dominant in inside-out and outside-in processes, whereas strategic alliances and joint ventures are based on a coupled process between the food and pharmaceutical sectors.
The aim of this paper is to advance the research on innovation at the pharma-nutrition interface by analysing the three steps of science, technology and market convergence in the area of probiotics using a life cycle perspective. Results from a bibliometric analysis drawing upon 8245 scientific publications, 2082 patents and 1357 news reports focussing on product launch announcements from 1990 up to 2009 indicate that the proposed curve shapes of the life cycles in the theory based framework can be transferred to the case of probiotics. There is a time shift considering the life cycles showing the same activities of the industrial sectors at different moments of time. The food sector dominates the field of probiotics by driving science, technology and market convergence showing earlier activities in scientific publications, patents as well as product launches, while presenting a higher clockspeed between the different life cycle phases. While the food sector dominates product launches for food products containing probiotics, the pharmaceutical sector dominates the product launches of the supplement market. In addition, a clear trend towards industry convergence can be identified by the growing number of cross-industry activities.
Evaporation from growing media significantly contributes to increasing the humidity in greenhouses. The effects of a pine bark mulch cover on substrate evaporation was evaluated with different pot experiments. The obtained data have been tested within the water balance model HYDRUS-1D, which was originally developed for mineral soils. Objective of this study was to test the performance of HYDRUS-1D to describe evaporation in plant containers and to evaluate the effect of pine bark as cover layer or layers within growing media. Application of pine bark in combination with peat substrate reduced evaporation up to 50% depending on position, thickness of mulch layer and water content of the substrate. The highest reduction in evaporation was measured in a dry substrate which is covered with 4 cm pine bark. The HYDRUS-1D model describes evaporation from growing media in combination with layers of pine bark correctly as long as hysteresis of the water retention curve and vapor flow is considered in the model.
The conservation of freshwater ecosystems has lagged behind that of marine and terrestrial ecosystems and often requires the integration of large-scale approaches and transboundary considerations. This study aims to set the foundations of a spatial conservation strategy by identifying the most important catchments for the conservation of freshwater biodiversity in Europe.
Using data on 1296 species of fish, mollusc, odonate and aquatic plant, and the key biodiversity area criteria (species Red List status, range restriction and uniqueness of species assemblages), we identified a network of Critical Catchments for the conservation of freshwater biodiversity. Applying spatial prioritisation, we show how the prioritised network differs from the ideal case of protecting all Critical Catchments and how it changes when protected areas are included, and we also identify gaps between the prioritised network and existing protected areas.
Critical Catchments (n = 8423) covered 45% of the area of Europe, with 766 qualifying (‘trigger’) species located primarily in southern Europe. The prioritised network, limited to 17% of the area of Europe, comprised 3492 catchments mostly in southern and eastern Europe and species targets were met for at least 96% of the trigger species.
We found the majority of Critical Catchments to be inadequately covered by protected areas. However, our prioritised network presents a possible solution to augment protected areas to meet policy targets while also achieving good species coverage.
Policy implications. While Critical Catchments cover almost half of Europe, priority catchments are mostly in southern and eastern Europe where the current level of protection is not sufficient. This study presents a foundation for a Europe-wide systematic conservation plan to ensure the persistence of freshwater biodiversity. Our study provides a powerful new tool for optimising investment on the conservation of freshwater biodiversity and for meeting targets set forth in international biodiversity policies, conventions and strategies.
Bei Expertenorganisationen handelt es sich um ein aus betriebswirtschaftlicher Sicht relativ junges Realphänomen. Sie stehen in sachlogischer Nähe zu den angelsächsischen Professional Services Firms (PSFs). Bei diesen handelt es sich um wissens- und kompetenzintensive Dienstleistungsorganisationen, deren Wertschöpfungsleistung primär auf der Rekrutierung, Veredelung und Nutzung hochgradig spezialisierten Humankapitals beruht. Im Gegensatz zu Amateuren haben Professionals in der Regel eine langjährige Ausbildungstrajektorie durchlaufen, die im Ergebnis zum Expertenstatus als Rechtsanwalt, Wirtschaftsprüfer, Architekt oder Chefarzt führt. Krankenhäuser lassen sich als Expertenorganisationen im weiteren Sinne interpretieren. Während sie einerseits einem relativ rigiden Marktordnungsrahmen unterliegen, folgen sie andererseits – im Gegensatz zu Gemeinschaftspraxen und Medizinischen Versorgungs-Zentren (MVZ) – keiner partnerschaftlichen Corporate-Governance-Logik. Vielmehr wirken unter der Ägide einer oft nicht-medizinischen Geschäftsleitung fachlich weitgehend weisungsungebundene Chefärzte, die primär ihrem Heilversprechen verpflichtet sind. Einhergehend mit ökonomischen Imperativen leiten sich hieraus oftmals Interessenkonflikte im Spannungsfeld von „Ethik und Monetik“ ab. Sollen die limitierten Krankenhausressourcen rendite- oder versorgungsoptimal eingesetzt werden? Wie lässt sich der Interessenkonflikt zwischen Patientenauftrag und Renditeauftrag lösen? Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der Produktivitätssteigerung vor der Rationierung und Priorisierung eine besondere Bedeutung eingeräumt, weil dadurch im günstigsten Fall keine Abstriche beim Patientennutzen gemacht werden müssen. Trotzdem erweist sich die Realisierung notwendiger Produktivitäts- und Wertsteigerungsreserven in Krankenhäusern als schwierig, wenn Experten ihren Nimbus als unabhängige Kompetenzträger gefährdet sehen. Für den Fall, dass sie zum Wertschöpfungsparameter in einer industrialisierten Servicewertkette degradiert werden, ist mit berufsständischen Widerständen zu rechnen. Ein nachhaltiges Wertschöpfungs- und Produktivitätsmanagement bedarf deshalb adjustierter Führungs- und Steuerungsprinzipien.
Expertenorganisation
(2016)
Mit der Akademisierung von praktischen Gesundheitsberufen stehen die Hochschulen und Universitäten gleichermaßen vor der Herausforderung, Pflege- und Therapiekräfte für ein noch nicht definiertes Berufsfeld zu qualifizieren. Die Wissenschaft hat die Fragen nach den genauen Inhalten und der Abgrenzung akademisierter Gesundheitsberufe zu anderen, seit langem etablierten Tätigkeitsbereichen in der Patientenversorgung zu beantworten und weiterführend zukünftigen Entwicklungen aufzuzeigen. Hier erwächst der Bedarf nach einer weitergehenden Arbeitsforschung in den akademisierten, praktischen Gesundheitsberufen. Der in diesem Beitrag vorgestellte Ansatz kombiniert die Weiterqualifizierung mit der Arbeitsforschung im Berufsfeld. Ziel ist es, Weiterbildungsmodule zu konzipieren, bei denen das praktische Arbeitsfeld mit den jeweiligen Inhalten der Module systematisch in Bezug gesetzt wird. Grundlage hierzu sind didaktische Ansätze der Theorie-Praxis-Relation aus dualen Studiengängen. Zentrales Instrument ist eine reflexionsorientierte Fallstudie, die von den Teilnehmern der Weiterbildung für jedes Modul erstellt wird, in der die Teilnehmer theoriebasierte Inhalte des Moduls aufgreifen und dazu nutzen, ihr jeweiliges praktisches Arbeitsfeld mit der fachlichen Perspektive des Moduls zu reflektieren. Die Teilnehmer werden so zu Praxisforschern und die Weiterbildung gleichzeitig zu einer wissenschaftlichen Berufsfeldreflexion, aus der die Praxis Impulse zur Weiterentwicklung erhält.