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Geburtshilfe neu denken - Bericht zur Situation und Zukunft des Hebammenwesens in Deutschland
(2007)
Schwangerschaft, Geburt, Wochenbett und Stillzeit sind vitale Ereignisse im Leben einer Frau und einer Familie und primär physiologische. Deshalb sollten in der Gesundheitsversorgung diejenigen Leistungen und Handlungsansätze stärker berücksichtigt werden, die auf die Unterstützung und den Erhalt von Gesundheit gerichtet sind. Die Lebensphase von Schwangerschaft, Geburt, Wochenbett und Stillzeit stellt für die Eltern und insbesondere für die Mutter eine biographische Übergangssituation dar, die Einfluss auf ihre zukünftige gesundheitliche Verfassung und ihr gesundheitsrelevantes Verhalten hat. Sie eröffnet Möglichkeiten, gesundheitsförderliche Ressourcen zu entdecken und im familiären Leben weiterzuentwickeln. Die gesundheitliche Versorgung sollte von einer individuellen und durchgängigen Betreuung von Frauen und ihren Kindern geprägt sein.
Der Bericht macht mit seiner Analyse darauf aufmerksam, dass der Berufsstand der Hebamme für die Bereiche Gesundheitsförderung und Prävention ein Potenzial bietet, welches gesellschaftlich wesentlich mehr als bisher genutzt und gefördert werden muss.
Als Fachfrauen für Geburtshilfe verfügen Hebammen über die Kompetenz und die rechtliche Befugnis, eigenverantwortlich Geburten zu betreuen. Die Verlagerung der Geburten in die Klinik führte zu der Entwicklung, dass auch physiologische Geburten unter ärztliche Leitung gestellt wurden. Dieses wurde begleitet durch eine zunehmende Medikalisierung und Pathologisierung der physiologischen Lebensphase von Schwangerschaft, Geburt, Wochenbett und Stillzeit.
Im europäischen Ausland wurde auf diese internationale Entwicklung bereits vor 15 Jahren mit gesundheitspolitischen Maßnahmen reagiert. Im klinischen Setting sollte die physiologische Geburt durch die Einrichtung von Midwife-Led-Units eigenverantwortlich von Hebammen geleitet werden. Studien, in denen dieses Betreuungskonzept untersucht wurde, belegen, dass gesunde Frauen im Hebammenkreißsaal genauso sicher gebären wie in den üblichen ärztlich
geleiteten Kreißsälen. Darüber hinaus sind die Frauen mit der Betreuung im Hebammenkreißsaal besonders zufrieden und die Rate der operativen Eingriffe ist niedrig. Zudem eröffnet es neue Wege der interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit im geburtshilflichen Team. Angeregt von diesen positiven Aspekten des Konzeptes Hebammenkreißsaal will der Verbund Hebammenforschung das Modell wissenschaftlich gestützt auch in Deutschland in die Praxis umsetzen und hierzulande möglichst vielen Frauen zugänglich machen. Das vorliegende Handbuch „Der Hebammenkreißsaal – Von der Idee zur Umsetzung“ richtet sich an das interessierte Fachpublikum und Hebammenkolleginnen, die die Idee eines erweiterten geburtshilflichen Versorgungskonzeptes aufgreifen und in die klinische Praxis umsetzen möchten.
Continuity of care is a concept that is defined as the uninterrupted and coordinated care provided to a patient and that includes an informational dimension which describes the information exchange between the parties involved. In nursing, the nursing summary is the main instrument to ensure informational continuity of care. The aim of this paper is to present an HL7 Clinical Document Architecture based document standard for the eNursing Summary and to discuss the need for harmonizing these results at international level. The eNursing Summary proposed in this paper was developed on the basis of several internationally accepted concepts, primarily the nursing process, the ISO 18104 Reference Terminology Model for Nursing and various data sets. The standardisation process embraced several phases of involving nursing experts for validating its structure and content. It was finally evaluated by a network of 100 healthcare organizations. We argue that the eNursing Summary is a good starting point for standardising nursing discharge and transfer documents on a global level. However, further work is needed to bring together the different national and international strands in standardisation.
Background: IT adoption is a process that is influenced by different external and internal factors. This study aimed
1. to identify similarities and differences in the prevalence of medical and nursing IT systems in Austrian and German hospitals, and
2. to match these findings with characteristics of the two countries, in particular their healthcare system, and with features of the hospitals.
Methods: In 2007, all acute care hospitals in both countries received questionnaires with identical questions. 12.4% in Germany and 34.6% in Austria responded.
Results: The surveys revealed a consistent higher usage of nearly all clinical IT systems, especially nursing systems, but also PACS and electronic archiving systems, in Austrian than in German hospitals. These findings correspond with a significantly wider use of standardised nursing terminologies and a higher number of PC workstations on the wards (average 2.1 PCs in Germany, 3.2 PCs in Austria). Despite these differences, Austrian and German hospitals both reported a similar IT budget of 2.6% in Austria and 2.0% in Germany (median).
Conclusions: Despite the many similarities of the Austrian and German healthcare system there are distinct differences which may have led to a wider use of IT systems in Austrian hospitals. In nursing, the specific legal requirement to document nursing diagnoses in Austria may have stimulated the use of standardised terminologies for nursing diagnoses and the implementation of electronic nursing documentation systems. Other factors which correspond with the wider use of clinical IT systems in Austria are: good infrastructure of medical-technical devices, rigorous organisational changes which had led to leaner processes and to a lower length of stay, and finally a more IT friendly climate. As country size is the most pronounced difference between Germany and Austria it could be that smaller countries, such as Austria, are more ready to translate innovation into practice.
The last two decades have been characterized by a fundamental change in the approaches, tools and instruments in the quality management at Higher Education Institutions. Comparison of two Higher Education Institutions in the Slovak Republic and Germany highlights similarities and trends in quality assurance. Both case studies show how multifaceted the quality management is, and the needs to be approached if a meaningful progress is to be made. Complexity has to be explicitly recognized and built into the approach chosen. Higher Education Institutions have to develop internal quality assurance processes. Quality culture is key for addressing the challenges.
OBJETIVOS: Compreender o significado do cuidado de enfermagem como prática social empreendedora.
MÉTODOS: Foi baseada na Grounded Theory que, de forma sistemática, criativa e interativa possibilitou o desenvolvimento da teoria: "Vislumbrando o cuidado de enfermagem como prática social empreendedora". Amostra teórica constituiu-se de 35 sujeitos entrevistados, distribuídos em diferentes grupos amostrais. RESULTADOS: O cuidado de enfermagem como prática social empreendedora está associado ao sistema de relações e interações, à capacidade de interagir com os diferentes atores sociais, na capacidade de criar novos canais de comunicação e ações pró-ativas.
CONCLUSÃO: A partir do cuidado como prática social empreendedora é possível atuar de forma pró-ativa, inovadora e participativa, sem desconsiderar as contradições sociais emergentes.
Estudo qualitativo que partiu da questão: como vêm sendo construídas as teorias e modelos de cuidado de enfermagem, focalizando o processo de construção da teoria substantiva, referente à Tese que teve como objetivos compreender o significado do ambiente de cuidados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e construir um modelo teórico sobre ele. O método utilizado foi a Grounded Theory. Realizaram-se 39 entrevistas com 47 sujeitos diferenciados de três Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Adulto, em Florianópolis/SC, Santa Maria/RS e Pelotas/RS, entre junho de 2009 a setembro de 2010. A teoria "Sustentando a vida no ambiente complexo de cuidados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva" foi delimitada por oito categorias. Conclui-se que sustentar a vida no ambiente de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva significa investir intensivamente no cuidado de pacientes instáveis, com auxílio de tecnologias diferenciadas e profissionais capacitados, trabalhando em equipe, onde se convive com estresse/conflitos e dificuldades para lidar com a morte.
Objectives: This paper addresses recent steps for reforming the eligibility criteria of the German long-term care insurance that have been initiated to overcome shortcomings in the current system.
Methods: Based on findings of a survey of international long-term care systems, assessment tools and the relevant literature on care needs a new tool for determining eligibility in the German long-term care insurance was developed.
Results: The new tool for determining long-term care eligibility broadens the understanding of what ‚dependency on nursing care' implies for the person affected. The assessment results in a degree of dependency from personal help provided by formal or informal caregivers. This degree of dependency can be used for determining eligibility for and the amount of long-term care benefits.
Discussion: The broader understanding of "dependency on nursing care' and the new tool are important steps to adapt the German long-term care insurance to the challenges of the demographic and societal changes in the future
Characteristics of German Hospitals Adopting Health IT Systems : Results from an Empirical Study
(2011)
Hospital characteristics that facilitate IT adoption have been described by the literature extensively, however with controversial results. The aim of this study therefore is to draw a set of the most important variables from previous studies and include them in a combined analysis for testing their contribution as single factors and their interactions. Total number of IT systems installed and number of clinical IT systems in the hospital were used as criterion variables. Data from a national survey of German hospitals served as basis. Based on a stepwise multiple regression analysis four variables were identified to significantly explain the degree of IT adoption (60% explained variance): 1) hospital size, 2) IT department, 3) reference customer and 4) ownership (private vs. public). Our results replicate previous findings with regard to hospital size and ownership. In addition our study emphasizes the importance of a reliable internal structure for IT projects (existence of an IT department) and the culture of testing and installing most recent IT products (being a reference customer). None of the interactions between factors was significant.
In der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung gilt die Universität Duisburg-Essen als Best-practice-Beispiel für das Deutschlandstipendien-Programm, das seit dem Jahr 2011 bundesweit leistungsstarke Studierende fördert und auf Basis des nahezu baugleichen NRW-Stipendiums entwickelt wurde. Zur Finanzierung der Stipendienprogramme dienen Reverse Matching Funds-Konstruktionen, innerhalb derer die durch private Förderer zur Verfügung gestellten Spenden durch Staatsmittel bis zu einer festgelegten Obergrenze verdoppelt werden. Die Hochschulen werden dadurch motiviert, stärker in das in Deutschland gegenüber dem internationalen Vergleich bisher stark unterentwickelte Hochschulfundraising zu investieren, um die benötigten privaten Förderer zu akquirieren und an die Hochschule zu binden. Als Finanzierungs- und Steuerungsinstrument ist das Matching Funds-Stipendienprogramm seiner Architektur nach ein Hybridwesen aus Elementen des Hochschulfundraisings und von Public Private Partnerships, zu denen beiden es bereits zahlreiche wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen gibt - anders als zum Phänomen der voraussetzungsreichen Matching Funds.
Die vorliegende Studie erörtert zunächst die Finanzierung staatlicher Hochschulen in Deutschland, um die drei Finanzierungsinstrumente Fundraising, Public Private Partnership und Matching Funds darin einordnen zu können. Die drei Instrumente werden umfangreich beschrieben und analysiert, um aufgrund des bestehenden Forschungsdesiderats zu Matching Funds einen selbstentwickelten, geschlossenen Kriterien-Katalog aufzustellen, der als Bewertungsraster der Untersuchung dienen soll. Der Darstellung der Matching Funds-Architektur des Stipendienprogramms und seiner konkreten Umsetzung an der Universität Duisburg-Essen als Fallbeispiel folgt eine kritische Analyse und Bewertung sowohl der Matching Funds-Konstruktion als solcher, als auch des vermeintlichen Best-practice-Beispiels.
Objective: To understand the significance of healthy living for users, professionals and managers of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) team.
Methods: Research of a qualitative nature, based on grounded theory. For data collection, interviews were conducted with 25 participants, including users, professionals and managers of a FHS team, during the period between March and December, 2009. Results: The collection and analysis of data was conducted in a systematic and comparative manner, demonstrating that healthy living can be characterized as a selforganizing process, mediated by the action of the FHS team professionals, especially by the community health agent, through creation of bonds of trust and stimulation of interactions and community associations. Conclusion: We concluded that healthy living is a singular phenomenon, complex, interactive, associative, political and social, coupled with the active involvement and participation of the users and by the engagement of effective and socially responsible professionals, managers and established political authorities.