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Vor dem Hintergrund der Umweltprobleme, die sich aus dem zunehmenden Abbau natürlicher Ressourcen und der Erschöpfung der Ressourcen ergeben, ist die Verwirklichung einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung eine unverzichtbare Herausforderung des 21. Jahrhunderts.
In diesem Artikel wollen wir zeigen, wie soziotechnische und produktbezogene Dienstleistungsinnovationen soziale Praktiken - das routinemäßige Tun im Alltag - verändern und damit den Wandel soziotechnischer Systeme unterstützen können. Wir stellen theoretische Überlegungen dazu vor, wie Theorien sozialer Praktiken und der Rahmen der Mehrebenenperspektive in der Transformationsforschung miteinander verbunden werden können, um Transformationsprozesse aus einer Mikro-Makro-Verbindungsperspektive besser zu verstehen. Anhand von Fallbeispielen aus dem Bereich der Bade-, Heiz- und Ernährungspraktiken wird aufgezeigt, wie sich diese in den letzten Jahrzehnten verändert haben. Darauf aufbauend werden Beispiele für Konzepte zur nachhaltigen Produkt-Dienstleistungs-Gestaltung in diesen Bereichen als Hebel zur Veränderung sozialer Praktiken im Alltag vorgestellt. Diese wurden in Forschungsprojekten bzw. in Seminararbeiten von Designstudenten entwickelt. Wir argumentieren, dass dies bedeutet, dass nachhaltige Produkt-Service-Systeme in einem nutzer- und akteursintegrierten Rahmen entwickelt werden sollten, wie z.B. in Sustainable LivingLabs. Die Einbindung von Nutzern und anderen Akteuren in partizipative Co-Creation-Prozesse ermöglicht maßgeschneiderte Lösungen, die tatsächliche Routinen und Abhängigkeiten ernsthaft berücksichtigen.
What Leads to Lunch-How Social Practices Impact (Non-)Sustainable Food Consumption/Eating Habits
(2017)
Der Bereich der Ernährung wird in den kommenden Jahrzehnten mit zahlreichen Herausforderungen konfrontiert sein, die sich aus den globalen Konsummustern ergeben und zu einem hohen Ressourcenverbrauch führen. Die Akteure des Gaststättengewerbes sehen sich bei der Förderung ihrer Lösungen für eine nachhaltigere Situation in ihrem Bereich mit Schwierigkeiten konfrontiert, unter anderem mit der mangelnden Akzeptanz der Verbraucher. Wir müssen uns die Frage stellen, wie wir das Verbraucherverhalten beeinflussen und einen Übergang zu einem nachhaltigeren Lebensmittelkonsum herbeiführen können. In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Bewertung von Ernährungsgewohnheiten vorgestellt. Eine Gruppe von zehn Verbrauchern nahm an problemzentrierten Interviews teil und machte Angaben zu ihrem Essverhalten im Laufe von zwei Wochen. Mit Hilfe des theoretischen Ansatzes der Praxistheorie wurden die in dieser Studie gesammelten Daten verwendet, um ein Verständnis der Praxis des Auswärtsessens zu entwickeln, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf den täglichen Routinen lag, die die Wahl der Verbraucher beeinflussen.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Praxis des Auswärtsessens in hohem Maße von externen Faktoren abhängt. Vielbeschäftigte Lebensstile, Mobilitätsroutinen und ein wahrgenommener Zeitmangel führen zu der Entscheidung, auswärts zu essen. Die Verbraucher tun dies bewusst, um Zeit und Mühe zu sparen und ihren Zeitplan zu straffen. Mobilität scheint ein wichtiger Grund für das Auswärtsessen zu sein. Die Teilnehmer versuchen, die Möglichkeiten, auswärts zu essen, einzuschränken, kehren aber häufig spontan zwischen zwei Terminen zum Essen ein. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Ernährungswissen und eine nachhaltige Denkweise wenig Einfluss auf die Essensentscheidungen außerhalb des Hauses haben: Die Teilnehmer zeigen ein hohes Maß an Misstrauen gegenüber Qualitätsansprüchen und stellen ihre gesundheitlichen Bedenken beim Essen außer Haus zurück. Daraus lässt sich schließen, dass das Auswärtsessen stark von den täglichen Routinen und den Praktiken, die ihm vorausgehen oder folgen, beeinflusst wird. Veränderungen der Arbeits- und Mobilitätsmuster werden sich höchstwahrscheinlich auf die Art und Weise auswirken, wie die Verbraucher außer Haus essen.
Greenwashing, defined by the Oxford Dictionary as “disinformation disseminated by an organization so as to present an environmentally responsible public image” can cause multifarious problems for companies. The phenomenon of greenwashing has, however, not attracted much attention in the event marketing literature to date. The purpose of this paper is twofold. It first describes and analyses the specific characteristics and features of greenwashing in event marketing. It then seeks to identify the current fundamental approaches of how to avoid greenwashing in event marketing and to assess their potential. A two-step literature analysis with complementary search approaches served as a methodical framework. First, journals related to event marketing were screened for the keywords “greenwashing” and “greenwash”. Next, the general literature was consulted for the same keywords. The results clearly demonstrate that the subject of greenwashing has been widely neglected in the event literature. There appears to be no overall concept or approach that allows event actors to avoid greenwashing, albeit various individual initiatives exist. However, it also became clear that initiatives against greenwashing in event marketing can be developed and implemented in the short and long term, for example by integrating different stakeholders. Additional political and juridical efforts based on specific guidelines are also necessary to prevent greenwashing in the future. The study is the first one to provide a systematic approach to the topic of greenwashing in the context of event marketing, including relevant approaches for its avoidance. It can thus help practitioners to better detect and avoid greenwashing in the event industry and to guide similar research in the future.
We investigated whether design experts or laypersons evaluate webpages differently. Twenty participants, 10 experts and 10 laypersons, judged the aesthetic value of a webpage in an EEG-experiment. Screenshots of 150 webpages, judged as aesthetic or as unaesthetic by another 136 participants, served as stimulus material. Behaviorally, experts and laypersons evaluated unaesthetic webpages similarly, but they differed in their evaluation of aesthetic ones: experts evaluated aesthetic webpages as unaesthetic more often than laypersons did. The ERP-data show main effects of level of expertise and of aesthetic value only. There was no interaction of expertise and aesthetics. In a time-window of 110–130 ms after stimulus onset, aesthetic webpages elicited a more negative EEG-amplitude than unaesthetic webpages. In the same time window, experts had more negative EEG-amplitudes than laypersons. This patterning of results continued until a time window of 600–800 ms in which group and aesthetic differences diminished. An interaction of perceiver characteristics and object properties that several interactionist theories postulate was absent in the EEG-data. Experts seem to process the stimuli in a more thorough manner than laypersons. The early activation differences between aesthetic and unaesthetic webpages is in contrast with some theories of aesthetic processing and has not been reported before.
Objective: To pilot benchmark measures of health information and communication technology (ICT) availability and use to facilitate cross-country learning.
Materials and Methods: A prior Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development–led effort involving 30 countries selected and defined functionality-based measures for availability and use of electronic health records, health information exchange, personal health records, and telehealth. In this pilot, an Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Working Group compiled results for 38 countries for a subset of measures with broad coverage using new and/or adapted country-specific or multinational surveys and other sources from 2012 to 2015. We also synthesized country learnings to inform future benchmarking.
Results: While electronic records are widely used to store and manage patient information at the point of care—all but 2 pilot countries reported use by at least half of primary care physicians; many had rates above 75%—patient information exchange across organizations/settings is less common. Large variations in the availability and use of telehealth and personal health records also exist.
Discussion: Pilot participation demonstrated interest in cross-national benchmarking. Using the most comparable measures available to date, it showed substantial diversity in health ICT availability and use in all domains. The project also identified methodological considerations (e.g., structural and health systems issues that can affect measurement) important for future comparisons.
Conclusion: While health policies and priorities differ, many nations aim to increase access, quality, and/or efficiency of care through effective ICT use. By identifying variations and describing key contextual factors, benchmarking offers the potential to facilitate cross-national learning and accelerate the progress of individual countries.
Background: For more than 30 years, there has been close cooperation between Japanese and German scientists with regard to information systems in health care. Collaboration has been formalized by an agreement between the respective scientific associations. Following this agreement, two joint workshops took place to explore the similarities and differences of electronic health record systems (EHRS) against the background of the two national healthcare systems that share many commonalities.
Objectives: To establish a framework and requirements for the quality of EHRS that may also serve as a basis for comparing different EHRS.
Methods: Donabedian's three dimensions of quality of medical care were adapted to the outcome, process, and structural quality of EHRS and their management. These quality dimensions were proposed before the first workshop of EHRS experts and enriched during the discussions.
Results: The Quality Requirements Framework of EHRS (QRF-EHRS) was defined and complemented by requirements for high quality EHRS. The framework integrates three quality dimensions (outcome, process, and structural quality), three layers of information systems (processes and data, applications, and physical tools) and three dimensions of information management (strategic, tactical, and operational information management).
Conclusions: Describing and comparing the quality of EHRS is in fact a multidimensional problem as given by the QRF-EHRS framework. This framework will be utilized to compare Japanese and German EHRS, notably those that were presented at the second workshop.
Aim: The aim of this study was to give an overview of family caregiver satisfaction within the home palliative care situation in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Design: A cross-sectional study.
Methods: An anonymous questionnaire, with seven validated scales, and comprising of 71 items, was used. The items investigated perceived needs and burdens of families within a home-based palliative care situation.
The satisfaction of the family caregivers with the services delivered by palliative care teams was measured by the FAMCARE-2 Scale. Descriptive statistics and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were performed.
Results: A convenience sample of 106 family members agreed to participate in the study. Overall, we found high satisfaction within our sample. There was high satisfaction with how the services respected the dignity of families, and how they provided comfort to patients. Satisfaction was lower with regard to information about patients.
Conclusion: High or low satisfaction with palliative care, tells us little about the quality of services. The high satisfaction within this study could be interpreted as a sign that palliative care was important to families at the time of availability. Regular and continuous assessment can serve to inform the continuous quality of care provision for patients and their families.