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Hintergrund
Negatives Geburtserleben steht im Verdacht mit nachfolgender Sterilität, einem längeren Abstand zum nächsten Kind, sowie dem Wunsch nach einer primären Sectio bei einer weiteren Schwangerschaft assoziiert zu sein. Die derzeitige Datenlage ist kontrovers.
Methodisches Vorgehen
Das Design entspricht einer explorativen, qualitativen Querschnittsstudie. Dazu wurden zehn leitfadengestützte Interviews nach dem Prinzip des Problemzentrierten Interviews durchgeführt. Eingeschlossen wurden Primiparae, die vor dem 11.03.2020 (vor den Einschränkungen der Covid-19-Pandemie) geboren haben. Die Interviews wurden nach der inhaltlich strukturierenden qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach Kuckartz analysiert.
Ergebnisse
Insbesondere Frauen mit negativem Geburtserleben tendieren zu einer abgeschwächten Bereitschaft für eine weitere Schwangerschaft, dazu keine weitere Schwangerschaft zu planen sowie einen längeren Abstand zu einer weiteren Schwangerschaft zu wahren. Nur in Einzelfällen kann bei Frauen mit positiver Geburtserfahrung eine verstärkte Bereitschaft für eine weitere Schwangerschaft festgestellt werden. Die Entscheidung bezüglich der Planung einer Schwangerschaft ist multifaktoriell und sowohl vom Geburtserleben als auch von persönlichen, medizinischen, familiären und finanziellen Aspekten abhängig.
Diskussion
Besonders das Auftreten medizinischer Besonderheiten, das negative Erleben des Geburtsmodus, der peripartalen Schmerzen sowie der Betreuung und Versorgung scheinen Einflussfaktoren zu sein, welche die Bereitschaft für die Planung einer weiteren Schwangerschaft abschwächen. Es besteht weiterer Forschungsbedarf durch quantitative Arbeiten und in der Begriffsdefinition von Geburtserleben.
Fazit
Das individuelle Geburtserleben von Primiparae kann einen Einfluss auf die Planung einer weiteren Schwangerschaft haben.
Background
Spinach is a nitrogen (N) demanding crop with a weekly N uptake of up to 60 kg ha–1. Consequently, a high N supply is required, which can temporarily lead to high quantities of nitrate (NO3–) being at risk of leaching.
Aims
The objective of this study was to develop a N fertilization approach to reduce the risk of NO3– leaching in field-grown spinach production without adversely affecting crop yield and quality at an early and late harvest stage.
Methods
Ten fertilization trials were conducted to compare different base fertilization rates and splits of top dressings. For top dressings, granulated fertilizers or foliar sprays were used. In a further treatment, N supply was reduced by withholding the second top dressing of 50–70 kg ha−1.
Results
Nitrate concentration at risk of leaching was considerably reduced by decreasing the base fertilizer rate as well as by splitting the top dressing. However, at an early harvest stage, total aboveground dry mass was reduced by, on average, 6% by these measures across all seasons. In contrast, at a later harvest stage, spinach was less affected by the fertilizer schedule. Urea foliar sprays proved to be insufficient in promoting plant growth and caused leaf necrosis. A reduced N supply led to impaired plant growth and yellowish leaves in both spring and winter.
Conclusions
Base N fertilization of spinach is only required in spring, but not in other seasons. Despite slight yield reduction, the top dressing should be split to reduce the risk of NO3− leaching after an early harvest.
In open-field vegetable production, high quantities of soil mineral nitrogen (Nmin) and N-rich crop residues often remain in the field at harvest. After the harvest of crops in autumn, this N can lead to considerable nitrate (NO3−) losses during the subsequent winter leaching period. In four field trials, different tillage depths (3–4, 10, 30 cm) and dates (early autumn, late autumn, early spring) were investigated to reduce N losses after growing spinach in the autumn. In a further treatment, the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) was directly applied to the crop residues. Potential N losses were calculated by a balance sheet approach based on Nmin concentration (0–90 cm), measured N mineralization and N uptake by catch crops. By postponing the tillage date from early to late autumn or spring, resprouting spinach stubbles acted as a catch crop, reducing N losses by up to 61 kg ha−1. However, if the spinach biomass collapsed, the N losses increased by up to 33 kg ha−1 even without tillage. The application of DMPP as well as the tillage depth were less effective. Overall, postponing tillage to spring seems to be the most promising approach for reducing N losses during the off-season.
Studies on nutrition have historically concentrated on food-shortages and over-nutrition. The physiological states of feeling hungry or being satiated and its dynamics in food choices, dietary patterns, and nutritional behavior, have not been the focus of many studies. Currently, visual analytic using easy-to-use tooling offers applicability in a wide-range of disciplines. In this interdisciplinary pilot-study we tested a novel visual analytic software to assess dietary patterns and food choices for greater understanding of nutritional behavior when hungry and when satiated. We developed software toolchain and tested the hypotheses that there is no difference between visual search patterns of dishes 1) when hungry and when satiated and 2) in being vegetarian and non-vegetarian. Results indicate that food choices can be deviant from dietary patterns but correlate slightly with dish-gazing. Further, scene perception probably could vary between being hungry and satiated. Understanding t he complicated relationship between scene perception and nutritional behavioral patterns and scaling up this pilot-study to a full-study using our introduced software approaches is indispensable.
Design knowledge on smart glasses-based systems is scarce. Utilizing literature analysis on software development publications, insights from the design and implementation of four smart glasses-based systems and expert interviews, we elicited 16 design principles to provide guidance in the development of future service support systems. Heuristic Theorizing is an abductive Design Science Research method, hitherto far too little known or little noticed, which was applied to conduct the research. We contribute to theory and practice with applicable design principles to support the development of smart glasses-based systems. Phenomena known to have an impact on the adoption of smart glasses are addressed by these design principles.
Warum sind Erziehungshilfen ein verbreiteter Teil der Schulorganisation? Was unterscheidet, verbindet aber auch die schulische und außerschulische Erziehungshilfe? Und wie könnte eine bedarfsgerechte, die individuelle Förderung der jungen Menschen unterstützende, Familien stärkende und die sozialräumliche Vernetzung voranbringende Kooperation zwischen Schulen und Erziehungshilfe aussehen? Diesen Fragen widmet sich dieses Buch ausgehend von lebensweltlichen Perspektiven junger Menschen in einer sehr grundlegenden Weise. Dabei werden nicht nur die Anlässe, Erscheinungsformen und Bedingungen der Arbeitsbündnisse von Schule und Erziehungshilfe erörtert, sondern auch ein neu gewichtetes und innovative Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten eröffnendes Verständnis von Schule und Erziehungshilfe.
The energy transition involves various challenges. One key aspect is the decentralization of power generation, which requires new actors. In order to integrate these into the system in the best possible way, there are various approaches e.g. in cooperation in citizens' initiatives or cooperatives (Dorniok, 2016).
Cooperation in general can enable the implementation of certain business models or can increase profitability by the exploitation of economies of scale (Skovsgaard & Jacobsen, 2017; Theurl, 2010). Synergy effects result from the utilization of know-how, different technologies or resources of the partners involved to complement the own competencies and services (Eggers & Engelbrecht, 2005; Sander, 2009). Cooperation exists in various industries and enable the participating companies to compensate their size-related resource deficits (Glaister & Buckley, 1996; Todeva & Knoke, 2005). This creates the opportunity to develop innovations, open up new markets, exploit newly created economies of scale and share costs and risks (Franco & Haase, 2015). In agriculture, cooperation in the form of cooperatives have been of essential importance for a long time, especially with the aim of exploiting synergy effects (Bareille et al., 2017). In the field of renewable energy development, cooperation in form of citizen cooperatives make a significant contribution to the participation of citizens in political, social and financial aspects of the energy transition (Huybrechts & Mertens, 2014). Energy cooperatives are frequently discussed as a potential actor in the energy transition and are increasingly being established to advance the common interests of stakeholders. For example, the joint operation of decentralized power generation plants can involve new actors in the energy transition through regional cooperation (Walk, 2014).
Existing biogas plants in Germany need new business models after the 20-year Renewable Energy Sources Act feed-in tariff expires. For continued operation, a business model innovation is needed, which can be realized based on the different technical utilization pathways. Cooperation can have a significant impact on the profitability of the different business models, especially by exploiting synergy effects (Karlsson et al., 2019). In addition, cooperation can help to ensure that existing plants continue to operate at all.
Currently, the most widespread use of biogas in Germany is in the coupled generation of electricity and heat. Additionally, there is the possibility of upgrading biogas to biomethane or biogenic hydrogen path (Mertins & Wawer, 2022).
Different options for cooperative business models that exist in the biogas utilization pathways are presented. The focus is on explaining the advantages of a joint approach compared to single-farm business models and identifying the relevant actors. Subsequently, drivers and barriers for the different cooperative business models are identified and classified based on 20 semi-structured interviews with plant operators in the administrative district of Osnabrück. The aim is to identify drivers and barriers for cooperative post-EEG operation. As a result, political instruments are to be found that make it possible to involve relevant actors and thus stimulate the best possible continued operation from the point of view of the energy system. The results are structured according to the PESTEL analysis. This assigns drivers and barriers to the categories political, economic, sociocultural, technological, ecological and legal (Kaufmann, 2021). The analysis of the interviews is supplemented and validated by a literature review.
Drivers and barriers for cooperative business models are manifold and can vary mainly depending on the plant and the operator.
Drivers
• Political
o Promotion of renewable energies: reduce dependence on fossil (Russian) fuels
• Economic
o Expectation of synergies (information sharing, shared risk, economies of scale)
o Planning security (fixed supply or purchase contracts)
o Access to new markets (not accessible by single-farm business models)
o Cost savings by sharing infrastructure, technology
o Positive return expectation
• Sociocultural
o Motivating, innovative environment
o Lowers barriers to participation in new markets
o Target-oriented partnerships
o Better use of capacities and strengths
o Strengthening regional value creation
• Technological
o Economies of scale (efficiency)
o Available, mature technology
o Storable, transportable gas
o Well-developed infrastructure
• Ecological
o Increase in plant efficiency
o Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
o Promotion of the circular economy by utilization of organic waste and agricultural residues
o Improving soil quality (fermentation residues as fertilizer)
Barriers
• Political
o Competition to other renewable energies
• Economic
o Uncertainty about future development of energy markets
o Disagreements between the cooperation partners
o Lack of flexibility due to longer-term contractual obligations
o Allocation of profits
• Sociocultural
o Cooperation with current competitor
o Cultural differences and lack of trust
o Acceptance by the general public (e.g. overproduction of maize)
• Technological
o Different technology that is difficult to combine
o Data protection
• Ecological
o Competition for agricultural land
o Use of monocultures
o Emissions from plant
o Pollution from transport
• Legal
o Legal requirements and regulations
o Unfavorable regulatory environment, e.g. long permitting process
One finding is that uncertainty is a major barrier for plant operators. This includes uncertainty about regulatory frameworks and political requirements, as well as about the general development of the energy markets. In addition, social factors such as lack of reliability and disagreement about revenue sharing are a potential barrier. A key driver for the implementation of cooperative business models is the expectation of synergy effects. In addition, operators are driven by a positive expectation of returns and the responsibility for securing the energy supply in times of crisis.
The drivers identified can now be used to develop strategies to advance cooperative business models. In particular, synergy effects should be exploited so that operators can benefit from cooperation. The advantages can also be highlighted and communicated to increase acceptance among the general public. Another important step is to reduce the barriers discussed above. In order to reduce social barriers in particular, it may be advisable to include an external partner in the cooperation, such as a municipal utility that operates an upgrading plant and concludes purchase agreements with the individual partners. In addition, it would be politically expedient to provide the operators with a clear framework for the future in order to reduce uncertainties. As a further aspect, knowledge transfer on new technologies and markets should take place.
Artificial intelligence (AI) and human-machine interaction (HMI) are two keywords that usually do not fit embedded applications. Within the steps needed before applying AI to solve a specific task, HMI is usually missing during the AI architecture design and the training of an AI model. The human-in-the-loop concept is prevalent in all other steps of developing AI, from data analysis via data selection and cleaning to performance evaluation. During AI architecture design, HMI can immediately highlight unproductive layers of the architecture so that lightweight network architecture for embedded applications can be created easily. We show that by using this HMI, users can instantly distinguish which AI architecture should be trained and evaluated first since a high accuracy on the task could be expected. This approach reduces the resources needed for AI development by avoiding training and evaluating AI architectures with unproductive layers and leads to lightweight AI architectures. These resulting lightweight AI architectures will enable HMI while running the AI on an edge device. By enabling HMI during an AI uses inference, we will introduce the AI-in-the-loop concept that combines AI's and humans' strengths. In our AI-in-the-loop approach, the AI remains the working horse and primarily solves the task. If the AI is unsure whether its inference solves the task correctly, it asks the user to use an appropriate HMI. Consequently, AI will become available in many applications soon since HMI will make AI more reliable and explainable.
Der Umgang mit Veränderungsprozessen ist zum festen Bestandteil des Arbeitsalltags geworden. Irgendetwas wird immer verändert, seien es Arbeitsaufgaben, Technologien, Geschäftsprozesse, Strukturen oder auch die Kultur einer Organisation. Man möchte hierdurch die Produktivität steigern, Bürokratie abbauen, die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit verbessern, Qualität bzw. Innovationen fördern und vieles mehr. Inwieweit man diese Ziele auch erreicht, hängt sehr stark davon ab, ob der Wandel auf breiter Basis akzeptiert und unterstützt wird. Führungskräfte und Verantwortliche für Change-Projekte, Organisations- oder Führungskräfteentwicklung können als „Change Leader“ durch die Art, wie sie führen, entscheidend zum Gelingen beitragen. Das Führen in Veränderungsprozessen wird in diesem Ratgeber entlang von sechs Handlungsfeldern strukturiert: (1) Individuelle Reaktionen Change-Betroffener verstehen, (2) Potenziale von Achtsamkeit in Veränderungsprozessen nutzen, (3) den Wandel klug organisieren, (4) wertschätzend handeln, (5) Verhaltensänderung unterstützen und (6) Kreativität fördern. Die Kapitel sind handlungsorientiert strukturiert und berücksichtigen Erkenntnisse aus der psychologischen Forschung. Reflexionsfragen, Checklisten, Arbeitsblätter und Übungen am Ende jedes Kapitels regen zur Reflexion der Inhalte an und unterstützen den Transfer in die Praxis.
Inhalt dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung und Durchführung eines BIM-Workflows für die Erfassung, Aufbereitung und Weiterbearbeitung von Gelände-Bestandsdaten in der Landschaftsarchitektur. Der entwickelte Workflow basiert auf der Analyse vorliegender BIM-Richtlinien und Leitfäden aus dem Bereich der Infrastrukturplanung. Es wird herausgestellt, welche Anforderungen an Bestandsdaten in BIM gestellt werden. Diese können auf Grund überschneidender Inhalte auf die Fachdisziplin der Freiraumplanung übertragen werden. Der Workflow integriert auf der einen Seite 3D-Bestandsdaten der Vermessungsämter, auf der anderen Seite Vermesserdaten aus der Ingenieurvermessung. Die Daten werden für die Weiterverwendung in BIM-Softwares aufbereitet und an diese übergeben. Auf Grundlage eines Projektbeispiels wird in fünf verschiedenen BIM-Programmen die Erstellung eines Digitalen Geländemodells anhand derselben Punktedatei durchgeführt und dokumentiert. Die erstellten Geländemodelle werden in dasselbe Datenformat exportiert und hinsichtlich ihrer Übereinstimmung und Genauigkeit mittels ausgewählter Vergleichsmethoden geprüft. Abschließend werden einige Werkzeuge des Plug-ins ‚Environment‘ für die Modellierung und Weiterbearbeitung von Geländemodellen in Autodesk Revit getestet und bewertet. Die praktische Umsetzung des entwickelten Workflows wird detailliert im Anhang aufgezeigt.
Bei langfristigen radikalen technologischen Veränderungen werden neue und etablierte Geschäftsmodelle oftmalig parallel ausgeübt. Proff und andere definieren Geschäftsmodelle als Kombination von fünf Wahlentscheidungen, die wiederum fünf Geschäftsmodellkomponenten abbilden. Die Entscheidung über die Ressourcenallokation ist eine dieser Entscheidungen. Bei langfristigen radikalen technologischen Veränderungen spielt diese Ressourcenallokation eine besondere Bedeutung, da etablierte und neue Geschäftsmodelle häufig um begrenzte liquide Mittel konkurrieren. Mit Blick auf organisationale Trägheit sowie den teilweise emergenten Charakter von Strategien sind bewusste, strategisch geprägte Geschäftsmodellentscheidungen gerade zu Beginn radikaler technologischer Veränderungen in der Unternehmenspraxis wahrscheinlich weniger bedeutend. Demgegenüber ist zu vermuten, dass die Prozesse der Unternehmen zur Auswahl von Innovationsprojekten die Entscheidungen zur Ressourcenallokation bei neuen und etablierten Geschäftsmodellen oftmals implizit bedingen. Die Entscheidungsgrundlage der Wahl von Innovationsprojekten bilden häufig Kapitalwertvergleiche. Solche einfachen Kapitalwertmethoden haben allerdings „the potential to severely undervalue a development project’s contribution to the firm”. Der Beitrag diskutiert daher verschiedene Alternativen zu einfachen Kapitalwertmethoden bezüglich ihrer Eignung zur Unterstützung der Ressourcenallokation bei radikalen technologischen Veränderungen.
Osnabrück’s so called “Green Fingers” – eleven landscape corridors reaching from the inner city into the region – structure the regional metropolis’ urban pattern. They supply the city centre with fresh air, serve as recreational destinations for the city’s inhabitants and provide space for close to the city agriculture and forestry. First defined in 1926, the Green Fingers have since been part of various planning documents and programs. However, these open spaces have been diminished bit by bit over time. The city’s growing need for land to build on had its impact just like the development of major traffic routes. On the one hand a lively debate has emerged: the Green Finger’s qualities, their ecological, aesthetical and cultural significance become increasingly important. Yet on the other hand decision makers still tend to put greenfield building activity first. A lot of efforts in striving for inner development are undermined by the ever growing demand for space. The urban sprawl continues, although various kinds of sanctuaries have been added to the urban and landscape planners’ equipment. The growing urban framework with its semidetached and single family houses does not come to a halt.
Mit einem systematischen Ansatz konnte basierend auf gering aufgelösten Daten (Bodenkarte, Höhenmodell, Landnutzungsklassifikation) das theoretische Expansionspotential für Ackerflächen in der Provinz Tjumen (Westsibirien, Russische Föderation) abgeschätzt werden. Die theoretisch mögliche Ausdehnung der Ackernutzung um 57% in den landwirtschaftlich relevanten Gebieten konnte allerdings nur zur Hälfte mit Groundtruthdaten in 3 Testareas (je 400 km²) validiert werden. Darüber hinaus waren 52% dieser positiven Validierungspunkte auf Ackerbrachen verortet, die derzeit nicht ökonomisch rentabel zu bewirtschaften sind. Insgesamt kann daher nur eine Expansion der Ackerflächen um 14,5% (? 1900 km² bzw. 1,1% der Gesamtfläche) als potentiell möglich angesehen werden.
Dieses kompakte Buch führt in die Grundlagen des Produktionscontrollings ein und folgt einem ganzheitlichen Ansatz: Bevor überhaupt produziert werden kann, ist zu entscheiden, was produziert werden soll. Daran schließen sich Standortentscheidungen und der Aufbau einer Produktionsstätte an. Im Einklang mit der Strategie ist die Produktion in taktischer und operativer Hinsicht weiterzuentwickeln. Produkt- und Prozessinnovationen sind zu entwickeln, eine nicht mehr sinnvolle Produktion ist zu beenden. Krisenbedingt können temporäre Stilllegungen hilfreich sein. Nicht außen vor bleibt das operative Tagesgeschäft, für dessen Steuerung betriebswirtschaftliche Instrumente wie Kostenrechung und Kennzahlen zum Einsatz kommen.
Aufgrund des sehr praxisorientieren Aufbaus wendet sich dieses Buch vor allem an Fach- und Führungskräfte in produzierenden Unternehmen, bspw. Führungskräfte mit einem ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Hintergrund, sowie an Studierende mit einem entsprechenden Schwerpunkt.
HRM processes are increasingly AI-driven, and HRM supports the general digital transformation of companies’ viable competitiveness. This paper points out possible positive and negative effects on HRM, workplaces, and workersorganizations along the HR processes and its potential for competitive advantage in regard to managerial decisions on AI implementation regarding augmentation and automation of work.
A systematic literature review that includes 62 international journals across different disciplines and contains top-tier academic and German practitioner journals was conducted. The literature analysis applies the resource-based view (RBV) as a lens through which to explore AI-driven HRM as a potential source of organizational capabilities.
The analysis shows four ambiguities for AI-driven HRM that might support sustainable company development or might prevent AI application: job design, transparency, performance and data ambiguity. A limited scholarly discussion with very few empirical studies can be stated. To date, research has mainly focused on HRM in general, recruiting, and HR analytics in particular.
The four ambiguities’ context-specific potential for capability building in firms is indicated, and research avenues are developed.
This paper critically explores AI-driven HRM and structures context-specific potential for capability building along four ambiguities that must be addressed by HRM to strategically contribute to an organization’s competitive advantage.
Besides yield reduction weeds have positive effects, like enhancing biodiversity or reducing soil erosion. The aim of the work is to enhance biodiversity without yield losses. In growing season 2021/22 a field experiment with winter triticale was conducted to experience the impact of mechanical weed control, sowing date and sowing rate. Especially hoeing had a positive impact on vegetative growth and grain yield while weed growth was inhibited but weed biodiversity stayed equal or increased. A lower seed rate or an earlier sowing date made in general no difference at flowering or harvesting stage.
Zukünftige Nonprofit-Manager*innen sind mit komplexen Herausforderungen in einem sich stetig wandelnden Umfeld konfrontiert. Themen wie Klimaschutz, soziale Ungleichheit oder auch Demokratieförderung haben einen starken Einfluss auf die Arbeitsfelder der Nonprofit-Organisationen. Eine zentrale Aufgabe der Führungskräfte ist daher in dieser Komplexität konstruktiv agieren zu können. Dafür sind Kompetenzen erforderlich: Ganz zentral ist die Fähigkeit, sich initiativ und eigenverantwortlich mit den Herausforderungen unserer Zeit auseinanderzusetzen und im besten Fall geeignete Lösungen dafür zu finden sowie diese zielführend kommunizieren zu können. Aus diesem Grund wird genau diese Fähigkeit bei Studierenden aus den Masterstudiengängen Management in Nonprofit-Organisationen und Soziale Arbeit der Hochschule Osnabrück gefördert. Im Rahmen des Moduls Handlungsfelder II entwickelten rund 30 Studierende im Wintersemester 2022/2023 in einer Denkwerkstatt Forschungsergebnisse und Lösungsideen zum Thema „Osnabrück 2030 – Demokratie leben“. Die Studierenden wählten in einem partizipativen Prozess ihre eigenen Schwerpunktthemen wie zum Beispiel Mobilität oder Bildung aus und arbeiteten dann ein Semester lang an den Inhalten. Bei der Erarbeitung wurden sie durch Marlene Eimterbäumer begleitet, die Modelle, Methoden und Coaching zur Unterstützung bereit stellte. Die Modelle und Methoden finden sich teilweise in den Beiträgen der Studierenden wieder (unter anderem das Social Ecological Model und der Business Model Canvas). Am Ende des Semesters stand eine Präsentation vor den Kommiliton*innen, der Lehrenden und auch vor externen Gästen, die aus unterschiedlichen Expertisegebieten im Themenbereich „Demokratie“ kamen und dementsprechend Feedback aus der Praxis geben konnten. Das Modul selbst wurde von der Hochschule im Rahmen der Innovativen Lehre an der Fakultät Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften gefördert. Für die Studierenden stellte das Modul durchaus eine Herausforderung dar, denn in der Denkwerkstatt musste unter hoher Komplexität stark prozessbezogen gearbeitet werden im Gegensatz zu der sonstigen hohen Ergebnisorientierung. Die durchweg sehr guten Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Einsatz und die kontinuierliche Kommunikation und Zusammenarbeit sich gelohnt haben. Aufgeteilt ist das vorliegende Buch in die fünf Themen: Wahlen, Partizipation, Partizipative Raumentwicklung, Politische Bildung und Medienkompetenz. Zu diesen Themen finden Sie jeweils erst einen Beitrag der Forscher*innen und darauffolgend einen Beitrag zur Darstellung einer Lösungsidee.
GIS-gestützte Zustandserfassung von Befahrungslinien in einem Landesforst und einem Privatwald
(2013)
In einem niedersächsischen Forstgebiet ist die räumliche Anordnung und das Erscheinungsbild von Befahrungslinien (Rückegassen)mittels GPS erfasst worden. Anhand der Fahrspurtiefe wurde beurteilt, in welchem Umfang potentielle Bodenschäden innerhalb der Befahrungslinien auftreten und ob es diesbezüglich Unterschiede zwischen der Bewirtschaftung eines Landesforstes und eines Privatwaldes gibt. Zusätzlich wurden Parameter der spontanen Vegetation sowie das Vorhandensein von Fremdstoffen erhoben. Die Erfassung ergab einen geringeren Flächenverbrauch durch Befahrungslinien im Landesforst gegenüber dem Privatwald. Die Spuren im Landesforst wiesen jedoch einen höheren Anteil an Fahrspurtiefen ? 15 cm auf. Die aufgenommenen Vegetationsdaten der Gassen ergaben unter anderem ein verstärktes Vorkommen von Juncus effusus als Zeigerpflanze von nassen und verdichteten Böden. Fremdstoffe kamen ausschließlich im Privatwald vor.
Chitin is an abundant waste product from shrimp and mushroom industries and as such, an appropriate secondary feedstock for biotechnological processes. However, chitin is a crystalline substrate embedded in complex biological matrices, and, therefore, difficult to utilize, requiring an equally complex chitinolytic machinery. Following a bottom-up approach, we here describe the step-wise development of a mutualistic, non-competitive consortium in which a lysine-auxotrophic Escherichia coli substrate converter cleaves the chitin monomer N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) into glucosamine (GlcN) and acetate, but uses only acetate while leaving GlcN for growth of the lysine-secreting Corynebacterium glutamicum producer strain. We first engineered the substrate converter strain for growth on acetate but not GlcN, and the producer strain for growth on GlcN but not acetate. Growth of the two strains in co-culture in the presence of a mixture of GlcN and acetate was stabilized through lysine cross-feeding. Addition of recombinant chitinase to cleave chitin into GlcNAc2, chitin deacetylase to convert GlcNAc2 into GlcN2 and acetate, and glucosaminidase to cleave GlcN2 into GlcN supported growth of the two strains in co-culture in the presence of colloidal chitin as sole carbon source. Substrate converter strains secreting a chitinase or a β-1,4-glucosaminidase degraded chitin to GlcNAc2 or GlcN2 to GlcN, respectively, but required glucose for growth. In contrast, by cleaving GlcNAc into GlcN and acetate, a chitin deacetylase-expressing substrate converter enabled growth of the producer strain in co-culture with GlcNAc as sole carbon source, providing proof-of-principle for a fully integrated co-culture for the biotechnological utilization of chitin.
DIGI4Teach - Handbook
(2023)
One of the important outputs of our DIGI4Teach consortium is this Handbook, which consists of two parts. Part A contains an analysis of the most important descriptive research results conducted within the DIGI4Teach Erasmus+ project regarding the use of digital technology in teaching economic disciplines in partner countries. Part B contains twelve case studies from different areas of economics and business (accounting, finance, marketing, tourism and trade) that were prepared using various digital tools and they can be freely used in classes or other forms of education.
High levels of meat consumption are increasingly being criticised for ethical, environmental, and social reasons. Plant-based meat substitutes have been with reservations identified as healthy sources of protein in comparison to meat. This alternative offers several social, environmental, and probably health benefits, and it may play a role in reducing meat consumption. However, there has been a lack of research on how specific meat substitute attributes can influence consumers to replace or partially replace meat in their diets. Research has demonstrated that, in many countries, consumers are highly attached to meat. They consider it to be an essential and integral element of their daily diet. For the consumers that are not interested in vegan or vegetarian alternatives to meat, so-called meathybrids could be a low-threshold option for a more sustainable food consumption behaviour. In meathybrids, only a fraction of the meat product (e.g., 20% to 50%) is replaced with plant-based proteins. In this paper, the results of an online survey with 500 German consumers are presented with a focus on preferences and attitudes relating to meathyrids. The results show that more than fifty percent of consumers substitute meat at least occasionally. Thus, approximately half of the respondents reveal an eligible consumption behaviour with respect to sustainability and healthiness to a certain degree. Regarding the determinants of choosing either meathybrid or meat, it becomes evident that the highest effect is exerted by the health perception. The healthier meathybrids are perceived, the higher is the choice probability. Thus, this egoistic motive seems to outperform altruistic motives, like animal welfare or environmental concerns, when it comes to choice for this new product category.
Current discussions about the concept of nutritional sustainability show a high complexity of this topic leading to many different definitions. Regarding communication issues of nutritional sustainability between actors of food chains this complexity should be reduced. One opportunity to tackle these challenges of reducing complexity might be the concept of ingredient branding. Therefore, the aim of this mini-review is the identification of conditions for ingredient branding application as a communication strategy for nutritional sustainability which might overcome challenges in communicating the complexity between the different stakeholders of supply chains. In doing so, the specific case of agrifood chains is discussed based on the selected characteristics of globalization, increasing consumer demands, foods incorporating credence attributes and price. Along the agrifood chain, a sourcing strategy reflecting nutritional and sustainable aspects might lead to an ingredient branding strategy implying a brand policy for a special ingredient within the final product which is an important component but cannot be clearly recognized by the user. A “nutritional sustainability inside” strategy should reflect the multifaceted information along the agrifood chain and should be based on standardized criteria for nutritional sustainability.
Integration of nutritional and sustainable aspects is a complex task tackled by a few scientific concepts. They include multiple dimensions and functions of food systems trying to provide solutions for harmonic co-evolution of humanity and planet Earth. “Nutritional Sustainability” is differentiated from other concepts which combine nutrition and sustainability as it not only sets environmental sustaining capacity as a baseline level for balanced nutrition, but also aims for the search of food system driving nodes. It does not aim for the support of solutions of producing enough or more food for increasing population (sustainable nutrition), neither does it contradict other similar concepts [sustainable nutrition security, nutritional life cycle assessment (LCA)]. However, it calls for more definite estimation of the carrying capacity of the environment on personal, local, and national levels for the development of more efficient solutions of nutrition balanced in the limits of environmental carrying capacity. The review is providing a few examples of advances in nutritional science (personalized nutrition, nutrigenetics), food technology (personalized food processing, food ecodesign), and food complex systems (artificial intelligence and gut microbiome), which have a great potential to progress sustainable food systems with Nutritional Sustainability set as a guiding concept.
Functional foods are still of increasing interest among the scientific community. Based on the extensive literature about functional foods, four main research areas can be identified: functional food innovation (1); the scientific background of the health benefits of functional foods (2); the regulation of functional foods (3); and consumer acceptance of functional foods (4). These research areas are not detached from each other, and each presents a consumer perspective. Although multifaceted studies focus on consumer acceptance of functional foods, literature regarding a structured framework of the determinants of functional food acceptance is limited. The aim of this review is to provide the reader with an overview of the recent literature on consumer attitudes towards functional foods and with an extensive structured framework of the determinants of functional food acceptance and their intertwined relationships. The scientific literature discusses a plethora of determinants of consumer acceptance of functional foods. These determinants can be categorized into consumer and market attributes, which show interwoven relationships with each other. On the one hand, consumer attributes are widely discussed in the literature, while on the other hand structured analyses of the market perspective are inadequately represented. Additionally, the ongoing development of new scientific findings regarding health benefits of different functional ingredients leads to a large amount of new functional food products in the market. Consequently, the research area of functional foods and in particular consumer acceptance of functional food innovation will remain an important research field in the coming years.
Convergence processes are based on the activity of distinct industry sectors showing cross-industry collaborations. The aim of this paper is to analyze cross-industry collaborations between the food and pharmaceutical sectors in the convergence area of functional foods. Selected companies from food (Nestlé/Danone) and pharmaceutical (Martek/Bayer HealthCare) sectors are analyzed using the determinants of motivation and industrial scope. The analysis shows that food companies are more active in cross-industry collaborations than pharmaceutical companies. The latter are more active at the front-end of the value chain focusing on research and development, and delivering their ingredients to food companies that due to their higher expertise in consumer marketing launch the products. While the first cross-industry collaborations were based on an exploration motivation, those that follow focus on exploitation. Acquisitions and licensing agreements are dominant in inside-out and outside-in processes, whereas strategic alliances and joint ventures are based on a coupled process between the food and pharmaceutical sectors.
The aim of this paper is to advance the research on innovation at the pharma-nutrition interface by analysing the three steps of science, technology and market convergence in the area of probiotics using a life cycle perspective. Results from a bibliometric analysis drawing upon 8245 scientific publications, 2082 patents and 1357 news reports focussing on product launch announcements from 1990 up to 2009 indicate that the proposed curve shapes of the life cycles in the theory based framework can be transferred to the case of probiotics. There is a time shift considering the life cycles showing the same activities of the industrial sectors at different moments of time. The food sector dominates the field of probiotics by driving science, technology and market convergence showing earlier activities in scientific publications, patents as well as product launches, while presenting a higher clockspeed between the different life cycle phases. While the food sector dominates product launches for food products containing probiotics, the pharmaceutical sector dominates the product launches of the supplement market. In addition, a clear trend towards industry convergence can be identified by the growing number of cross-industry activities.
The relevance of cross-industry innovation has increased in recent decades with a growing number of inter-industry fields emerging on the borderline between formerly distinct industries. The aim of this paper is to analyse industry convergence in four probiotics innovation value chains based on the following indicators: cross-industry relationships along the innovation value chain as well as knowledge, technological, regulatory and competence convergence. In so doing, the study delivers a framework of indicators for scrutinising industry convergence processes. In order to identify industry convergence, we analyse companies in the converging area of foods and drugs based on products containing the four bacteria strains: Lactobacillus caseii DN 114001, Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA5 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Hence, the commercial availability of the strains on the market serves as a selection criterion. Altogether 12 companies stemming from four industrial backgrounds, food and agriculture (5), pharmaceutics (5), chemistry (1) and personal care (1), as well as one research organisation are identified. Cross-industry relationships occur along the innovation value chains of the four strains. Clear signs of knowledge and technological convergence are found as companies are not only publishing and patenting in the usual area of their own industrial field but also in the area of other industrial fields. Companies with different industrial backgrounds show activities in obtaining health claims indicating regulatory convergence. Companies' competence bases seem to converge as companies with different industrial backgrounds are involved in acquisitions, licencing agreements and strategic alliances (competence convergence). We contribute to the existing body of literature by assessing industry convergence from an innovation value chain perspective with a set of indicators reflecting the intensity of industry convergence. This framework of indicators stemming from literature has not yet been used in a combined comprehensive analysis. Furthermore, we tried to show the characteristics of strategic types driving industry convergence in probiotics.
What determines ingredient awareness of consumers? : A study on ten functional food ingredients
(2014)
Given the importance of consumer awareness of functional food ingredients for healthy food choices, the aim of this study is to explore consumers’ ingredient awareness and the determinants which influence the awareness about functional food ingredients.
A sample of 200 German consumers was interviewed via CATI (computer aided telephone interview) during September 2011. The participants have been asked about their specific awareness regarding to ten functional food ingredients. Likewise, determinants like health status and health motivation have been assessed and their influence on the construct “consumers’ ingredient awareness” has been tested by employing structural equation modeling.
The study shows that consumers’ ingredient awareness varies throughout the sample. Overall it can be stated, that 19% of consumer awareness about functional food ingredients is explained through the described model based on the following predictors: age, educational level, health status, health motivation and information strategies. Among these factors, consumers’ health motivation seems to have the highest relevance to explain consumer awareness. But also the determinants information strategies as well as the education show a significant influence on consumers’ ingredient awareness. As health motivation shows the highest impact on consumers’ ingredient awareness this study underlines the importance of prevention propensity for healthy food choices.
In the past few years, studies have been carried out to record and analyse the consumer behaviour of manual dishwashing. Manual dishwashing in households is performed in many ways that influence the use of resources. Furthermore, knowledge has been gained on the basis of experiments on how to optimize the use of resources in manual dishwashing. Optimization here means achieving the best possible cleaning performance with a minimum input of resources. This experimental knowledge, combined with the experience of everyday life, was transferred into Best Practice Tips.
The aim of this study is to verify whether it is possible to save resources while applying these Best Practice Tips in comparison with the consumers' previous behaviour.
In a laboratory study, 53 consumers from Europe (23 Germans, 30 other Europeans) were asked to apply the Best Practice Tips while washing up 12 place settings of dishes. The data gained were compared with that of previous studies recording consumers' everyday behaviour while washing up the same amount of dishes. The sample consisted of 113 European consumers and the sample of the second study consisted of 60 Europeans.
On average, the 53 test participants applying the Best Practice Tips used around 60% less water, 70% less energy and 30% less detergent compared with the average everyday behaviour the other subjects used. Additionally, they achieved a slightly better cleaning result. An evaluation questionnaire showed that the Best Practice Tips were, in general, highly accepted; however, some concerns were given about their exact application in everyday life. Because of the wide variation of washing-up habits and resource consumption among individuals, the confidence intervals of the studies are rather large. The results should therefore be seen as tendencies on how resource savings are possible when people are trained how to optimize resources in manual dishwashing. Nevertheless, this study should be the basis for further ones in which the learning is verified in everyday life and over a longer period of time.
Qualitätsmanagement in der Ernährungswirtschaft : Qualität, Sicherheit und Nachhaltigkeit umsetzen
(2020)
Unverzichtbar für alle, die sich im Lebensmittelsektor mit Qualitätsmanagement auseinandersetzen.
QM ist in der Ernährungswirtschaft von Anfang an wegen der damit untrennbar verbundenen Anforderungen an die Lebensmittelsicherheit von besonderer Bedeutung. Zunehmend verändern sich die Rahmenbedingungen, mit denen das Qualitätsmanagement in der Ernährungswirtschaft konfrontiert ist: beginnend bei der wachsenden Komplexität und Differenziertheit der Verbraucheransprüche, über die weltweite Verflechtung der Liefer- und Absatzbeziehungen, die dynamische Entwicklung wissenschaftlich-technischer Erkenntnisse und deren Auswirkungen auf die Lebensmittelproduktion bis hin zu der immer drängenderen Notwendigkeit, im Lebensmittelsektor nachhaltiger zu wirtschaften.
Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Entwicklungen werden in dem vorliegenden Werk relevante Fragen rund um das Themengebiet Qualitätsmanagement in der Ernährungswirtschaft aufgegriffen und praxisorientiert beantwortet. Dazu gehören "klassische" Themen, wie Hygiene, HACCP und Risikoprävention ebenso wie Rückverfolgbarkeit und Krisenmanagement, und auch Fragen, die erst seit wenigen Jahren in den Vordergrund getreten sind, wie Allergenmanagement, Food Defense und Food Fraud. Darüber hinaus werden wichtige Methoden, Werkzeuge und Techniken des Qualitätsmanagements erläutert, relevante Institutionen sowie Normen und Standards der Ernährungswirtschaft vorgestellt und eingeordnet.
Dieses Buch
- bietet einen umfassenden Überblick und navigiert sicher durch diesen hochkomplexen Themenbereich,
- zeigt, was alles bei der Umsetzung eines Qualitätsmanagementsystems zu beachten ist und berücksichtigt dabei die speziellen Anforderungen im Lebensmittelbereich,
- liefert praktischen Werkzeugkasten zur Umsetzung.
Unter dem Schlagwort "Positive Leadership" werden seit der Jahrtausendwende vielfältige Führungskonzepte und -ansätze diskutiert. Diese finden auch verstärkt in der Unternehmenspraxis Anklang. Die Arbeit greift die bestehende Diskussion in Wissenschaft und Praxis auf und macht Positive Leadership mittels Scoping-Review und inhaltsanalytischer Methoden greifbar. Herausgearbeitet werden zentrale Merkmale, wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse und Lücken in der Betrachtung der Führungskonzepte. Das Potenzial von Positive Leadership-Konzepten wird vor dem Hintergrund aktueller positiver Bewegungen herausgestellt.