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Institute
Mit dem am 9.1.2014 veröffentlichten Urteil vom 5.11.2013 hat der BFH entschieden, dass Aufwendungen, die im Zuge eines Erststudiums entstanden sind, das gleichzeitig Erstausbildung ist und nicht innerhalb eines Dienstverhältnisses erfolgt, nach § 12 Nr. 5 i.V.m. § 4 Abs. 9 EStG i.d.F. des BeitrRLUmsG keine vorweggenommenen Betriebsausgaben bei den Einkünften aus selbständiger Arbeit darstellen. Darüber hinaus wurde festgestellt, dass die bereits für Veranlagungszeiträume ab 2004 anzuwendenden gesetzlichen Neuregelungen in § 12 Nr. 5 und § 4 Abs. 9 EStG i.d.F. des BeitrRLUmsG nicht gegen Verfassungsrecht verstoßen.
Möglichkeiten und Grenzen: Muss man bei Patienten mit Kopfschmerzen in der Diagnostik und Therapie zwischen den verschiedenen Kopfschmerzarten unterscheiden oder nicht? Professor Harry von Piekartz von der Osnabrücker Hochschule meint, ja. Trotz vieler Gemeinsamkeiten lässt sich zervikogener Kopfschmerz von anderen Kopfschmerzarten unterscheiden. Was Klassifikationen dabei leisten können und was nicht und welche Rolle die Neuroanatomie dabei spielt, erfahren Sie hier.
Background: We see a growing number of older adults receiving long-term care in industrialized countries. The Healthcare Utilization Model by Andersen suggests that individual need characteristics influence utilization. The purpose of this study is to analyze correlations between need characteristics and service utilization in home care arrangements.
Methods: 1,152 respondents answered the questionnaire regarding their integration of services in their current and future care arrangements. Care recipients with high long-term care needs answered the questionnaire on their own, the family caregiver assisted the care recipient in answering the questions, or the family caregiver responded to the questionnaire on behalf of the care recipient. They were asked to rank specific needs according to their situation. We used descriptive statistics and regression analysis.
Results: Respondents are widely informed about services. Nursing services and counseling are the most used services. Short-term care and guidance and training have a high potential for future use. Day care, self-help groups, and mobile services were the most frequently rejected services in our survey. Women use more services than men and with rising age utilization increases. Long waiting times and bad health of the primary caregiver increases the chance of integrating services into the home care arrangements.
Conclusion: The primary family caregiver has a high impact on service utilization. This indicates that the whole family should be approached when offering services. Professionals should react upon the specific needs of care dependents and their families.
What determines ingredient awareness of consumers? : A study on ten functional food ingredients
(2014)
Given the importance of consumer awareness of functional food ingredients for healthy food choices, the aim of this study is to explore consumers’ ingredient awareness and the determinants which influence the awareness about functional food ingredients.
A sample of 200 German consumers was interviewed via CATI (computer aided telephone interview) during September 2011. The participants have been asked about their specific awareness regarding to ten functional food ingredients. Likewise, determinants like health status and health motivation have been assessed and their influence on the construct “consumers’ ingredient awareness” has been tested by employing structural equation modeling.
The study shows that consumers’ ingredient awareness varies throughout the sample. Overall it can be stated, that 19% of consumer awareness about functional food ingredients is explained through the described model based on the following predictors: age, educational level, health status, health motivation and information strategies. Among these factors, consumers’ health motivation seems to have the highest relevance to explain consumer awareness. But also the determinants information strategies as well as the education show a significant influence on consumers’ ingredient awareness. As health motivation shows the highest impact on consumers’ ingredient awareness this study underlines the importance of prevention propensity for healthy food choices.
Viele Defizite bei den Chefs
(2014)
Background
To offer vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) in a hospital setting is recommended in international guidelines, but offering VBAC in out‐of‐hospital settings is considered controversial. This study describes neonatal and maternal outcomes in mothers who started labor in German out‐of‐hospital settings.
Method
In a retrospective analysis of German out‐of‐hospital data from 2005 to 2011, included were 24,545 parae II with a singleton pregnancy in a cephalic presentation at term (1,927 with a prior cesarean and 22,618 with a prior vaginal birth).
Result
The overall VBAC rate was 77.8 percent. The intrapartum transfer rate to hospital was 38.3 percent (prior cesarean) versus 4.6 percent (prior vaginal) (p < 0.05), and the 10‐minute Apgar < 7 rate was 0.6 versus 0.2 percent (p < 0.05), and the nonemergency intrapartum transfer rate was 91.5 versus 85.0 percent (p < 0.05). Prolonged first stage of labor was the most common reason for intrapartum transfer in both groups. The leading reason for postpartum transfer was retained placenta.
Discussion
There was a high rate of successful VBAC in this study. The high nonemergency transfer rate for women with VBAC might mean that midwives are more cautious when attending women with a prior cesarean in out‐of‐hospital settings. Further studies are necessary to evaluate which women are suitable for VBAC in out‐of‐hospital settings.