TY - JOUR U1 - Zeitschriftenartikel, wissenschaftlich - begutachtet (reviewed) A1 - Schaarschmidt, Marco A1 - Uelschen, Michael A1 - Pulvermüller, Elke T1 - Hunting Energy Bugs in Embedded Systems : A Software-Model-In-the-Loop Approach JF - Electronics N2 - Power consumption has become a major design constraint, especially for battery-powered embedded systems. However, the impact of software applications is typically considered in later phases, where both software and hardware parts are close to their finalization. Power-related issues must be detected in early stages to keep the development costs low, satisfy time-to-market, and avoid cost-intensive redesign loops. Moreover, the variety of hardware components, architectures, and communication interfaces make the development of embedded software more challenging. To manage the complexity of software applications, approaches such as model-driven development (MDD) may be used. This article proposes a power-estimation approach in MDD for software application models in early development phases. A unified modeling language (UML) profile is introduced to model power-related properties of hardware components. To determine the impact of software applications, we defined two analysis methods using simulation data and a novel in-the-loop concept. Both methods may be applied at different development stages to determine an energy trace, describing the energy-related behavior of the system. A novel definition of energy bugs is provided to describe power-related misbehavior. We apply our approach to a sensor node example, demonstrate an energy bug detection, and compare the runtime and accuracy of the analysis methods. KW - embedded software engineering KW - energy efficiency KW - energy bug KW - model-driven development KW - model-in-the-loop Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bsz:959-opus-34420 UN - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bsz:959-opus-34420 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/11/13/1937 SN - 2079-9292 SS - 2079-9292 VL - 2022 IS - 11 ER -